相对速率法测量氯原子与几种酮类物质的反应速率常数

在(298±2) K和一个大气压条件下,采用相对速率法研究了一系列酮类物质与氯原子的反应动力学.使用丙醛和乙苯作为参比物,光解三氯乙酰氯作为氯原子产生源,测得2-己酮与氯原子的反应速率常数为(1.80±0.42)×10~(-10) cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1),与已有文献报道值非常符合,验证了实验方法和所选参比物的可靠性.首次测得了(298±2) K和一个大气压条件下2-庚酮和2-辛酮与氯原子反应的速率常数,分别为(2.54±0.62)×10~(-10)和(2.12±0.63)×10~(-10) cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1).与其母体烷烃的反应速率对比发现,酮类物质中羰基的存在使得其反应速率都比其母体烷烃变慢.利用所测的速率常数和氯原子的浓度信息估算这些酮类物质在大气中的平均寿命,结果显示,在海洋边界层或沿海地区等氯原子浓度较高的地区,这些物质与氯原子反应的大气化学寿命都在小时量级,完全可以与OH自由基的反应相竞争,是这些物质在大气中的重要降解途径.另外,在内陆污染地区或工业聚集区,氯原子的反应及其对二次污染物生成的贡献同样不能忽视.     

大气中丙烷光氧化臭氧生成活性的烟雾箱模拟

利用自制光化学烟雾箱模拟了丙烷和NOx大气光化学反应,研究了相对湿度以及丙烷与NOx初始浓度比值对臭氧生成的影响.实验表明,臭氧最大值及丙烷的臭氧生成活性最大值(IRmax)都随相对湿度的增大而减小.低相对湿度时,臭氧最大值大约出现在反应的22 h,IRmax变化范围为0.023 1～0.039 1;而高相对湿度时,臭氧最大值大约出现在反应的16 h,IRmax变化范围为0.017 2～0.032 0.在反应的20 h内,前12 h内相对湿度对丙酮的生成量影响不大,12 h后低相对湿度时丙酮生成量更大.在实验的4～20 h内,相对湿度为17%时,丙酮浓度为153×10-9～364×10-9;而相对湿度为62%时,丙酮浓度为167×10-9～302×10-9.臭氧最大值随着丙烷与NOx初始浓度比值增加而减少,在低相对湿度时线性负相关性更好.另外,还利用了MCM丙烷子机制对反应进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行比较,发现两者还存在较大的偏差.     

Size distribution of the secondary organic aerosol particles from the photooxidation of toluene

In a smog chamber, the photooxidation of toluene was initiated by hydroxyl radical （OH.） under different experimental conditions. The size distribution of secondary organic aerosol（SOA） particles from the above reaction was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. It was found from our experimental results that the number of SOA particles increased with increasing the concentration of toluene. As the reaction time prolonged, the sum of SOA particles was also increased. After a reaction time of 130 min, the concentration of secondary organic aerosol particles would be kept constant at 2300 particles/cm^3. Increasing illumination power of blacklamps could significantly induce a higher concentration of secondary organic aerosol particle. The density of SOA particles would also be increased with increasing concentration of CH30NO, however, it would be decreased as soon as the concentration of CH30NO was larger than 225.2 ppm. Nitrogen oxide with initial concentration higher than 30. 1 ppm was also found to have little effect on the formation of secondary organic aerosol.     

甲烷光氧化反应速率常数及其在大气中的寿命

应用具有分析系统的、可抽真空的烟雾箱进行甲烷在空气中光化学反应的模拟研究。详细研究了CH₄空气及CH₄－O3－空气两个体系的光化学反应,描绘了反应物和产物的浓度随时间变化曲线,得到甲烷的光化学氧化具有准一级反应特性的结论,证明了O₃的加入可加速甲烷的衰减。定量地测定了甲烷衰减的表观速率常数,并根据实验数据推算了甲烷在大气中的寿命。     

烟雾箱与数值模拟研究苯和乙苯的臭氧生成潜势

结合光化学烟雾箱实验与数值模拟研究了苯和乙苯在NO x存在条件下的光氧化臭氧生成潜势.重复实验表明,在乙苯-NO x反应体系中,反应物初始浓度、温度、湿度和光照强度接近的条件下,整个反应过程中臭氧的最大偏差仅为4%,证明了烟雾箱的可重复性较高.在烟雾箱实验的基础上,使用MCM(master chemical mechanism)模拟了苯和乙苯的光氧化O3生成,并将其结果与实验数据进行了比对分析.干燥(≤5%)时MCM对苯和乙苯的模拟结果与实验结果较接近,如在苯-NO x反应体系中,MCM模拟的O3峰值比实验值偏大20%;在湿度为5%~70%时,MCM模拟的乙苯光氧化O3峰值与实验值偏高约(10%~25%).用MCM模拟了太阳光照条件下苯和乙苯的臭氧生成等值线,得到在它们浓度为(10~50)×10-9,NO x在(10~100)×10-9时,苯和乙苯的6 h臭氧贡献值分别为(3.1~33)×10-9和(2.6~122)×10-9,臭氧峰值范围分别是(3.5~54)×10-9和(3.8~164)×10-9.此外,模拟得到苯和乙苯的最大增量反应活性(maximum incremental reactivity,MIR)值分别为0.25/C和0.97/C(每单位碳).该结果与Carter通过SAPRC机制得到的MIR值趋势一致.模拟得到苯和乙苯的最大臭氧反应活性(maximum ozone reactivity,MOR)分别为0.73/C和1.03/C.苯的MOR值远高于Carter使用SAPRC得到的结果,说明根据Carter得到的苯MOR会低估苯的O3潜势.     

大气模拟烟雾箱系统的研究进展

烟雾箱是研究大气光化学反应的主要工具.30年来国内外有多个研究机构建立了烟雾箱,并对各种光化学反应进行了研究,以收集数据来发展和检验大气光化学反应机理.从系统构造、配置仪器及所进行的光化学实验几个方面,综述了国内外烟雾箱系统的研究进展,其中背景影响较小的烟雾箱能为评价化学反应机理提供精度较高的数据,二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)的形成机理成为目前的研究热点.     

我国城市地区机动车污染现状与趋势

北京、广州和上海近10多年机动车保有量年均增长速率分别为16. 4 % ,16. 5 %和13.4 %,这些城市大约80 %的CO和40 %的NOx来 自于机动车排放。其结果是导致城区大气环境近10 a来NOx浓度逐年上升,己成为广州和北京等少数特大城市的首要污染物;街道大气环境 中NOx和CO日均浓度远远超过国家大气环境质量二级标准,其污染程度比城区整体环境更为严重;己存在严重的光化学烟雾污染,预测表明 城区未来大气环境中q浓度的高低取决于机动车的排放量。因此,我国城市地区大气污染正由煤烟型污染向机动车尾气污染转化。      

The traffic emission and its impact on air quality in Guangzhou area

A comprehensive field measurement was set up in Guangzhou City of China and the key was placed on NOx and O3 pollution. The results indicated that the average driving speed of vehicle was only 14 km/h in downtown with high frequency of idle and acceleration. Upward fluxes of CO and NO were observed in Dongfeng street. NOx annual mean concentration in urban area increased year by year, and NOx was identified as the most important pollutant since 1995. Photochemical smog pollution was serious in general,spatial and seasonal distribution of O3 was observed. O3 concentration was kept in a high level in autumn, and its formation was restrained in summer due to frequent thunderstorm and high humidity. The numerical simulation showed the average concentration     

Traffic emission and its impact on air quality in Guangzhou area

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Correlations between mutagenic activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, NOx and sulphur dioxide in southern Germany: results of a two-year study

Goals, Scope and Background Among other substances, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are parameters which are routinely measured to describe basic air quality. Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter contain mutagenic chemical compounds of different origins. The aim of the study was to find correlations between routine monitoring data and mutagenic activity of organic extracts of simultaneously drawn samples.Methods Specimens were collected over a period of two years at 8 sampling sites in south-west Germany. Simultaneously, concentrations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were measured on-line within the framework of the official air monitoring network of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Dust samples were collected for biotesting using high volume air samplers equipped with glass fibre filters. After sampling was completed, filters were extracted and samples were prepared for biological testing. Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the plate incorporation assay (Ames test) using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. During the first year of the study, all tests have been performed with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, a series of tests has been performed in parallel with TA98 and TA98NR.Results and Discussion Comparison of Ames test data obtained with and without metabolic activation indicates no statistically significant difference between both methods. Therefore, during the second year of the study, all tests have been performed without metabolic activation. Average yearly activities at the sampling sites were between 1 und 27 Revertants per m³ (Rev/m³). High activities were preferably found at congested sites (Karlsruhe, up to 95 Rev/m³). However, peak values of over 100 Rev/m³ were found in other places where pollution by traffic is significantly lower. The reason for these high level values is not evident. Tests performed using TA98NR tester strain indicate a significant share (average 31%) of compounds requiring activation by nitroreductase for mutagenic activity. Average mutagenic activity can be correlated to routine monitoring parameters. Comparison of averaged data for particular sampling sites indicates significant correlation between nitric oxide and mutagenic activity in TA98 (r²=0.90), while correlation between nitrogen dioxide (0.84) or sulphur dioxide (0.52) and mutagenic activity is weaker. For TA100, correlations are generally weaker than for TA98. Comparison of data for mutagenic activity and routine monitoring data of distant sites being sampled simultaneously shows parallel behaviour.Conclusions Results from this study show that mutagenic activity can be compared to seasonal and local variations of gaseous indicator air pollutants. Tester strain TA98 generally shows the best correlations. Although pollution by particle-bound mutagenic substances is significantly higher during the cold season than during summer on average, mutagenic activity of airborne dust is not a continuous effect. During winter, peak levels as well as low pollution periods can occur. Even during winter time mutagenic activity can reach very low levels typical for summertime. Comparison of results for distant sampling sites where samples have been collected simultaneously indicate that “classical” indicators of air pollution and bacterial mutagenicity of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter are influenced by connected effects. Seasonal trend of mutagenic activity, in particular, is similar to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide. NO is a strong indicator for vehicle exhaust gases. It is concluded that the average mutagenic activity at particular sites can be estimated using NO concentrations as an indicator.