地基基础与建筑场地类别划分

基于与建筑地基震害密切相关的地基土性状及基础条件,讨论了岩土工程勘察设计工作中关于场地土和建筑场地类别划分的主要依据,提出了对我国现行《建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011 2001)》进行基础埋深、覆盖层厚度和复合地基的地基土性状的修正, 并经场地土层地震反应分析论述了进一步划分建筑场地类别的必要性和可能性。以北京的2个典型工程场地为代表,分别讨论了基础埋深和覆盖层厚度对建筑场地类别划分的影响,并通过场地土层地震反应分析,得到自然地面上、基础埋深处土层的反应谱,同时也计算了在考虑或不考虑低速粘性土夹层情况下对土层地震反应结果的影响程度。最后,根据综合峰值加速度、加速度反应谱最大值的对比结果认为对原有的建筑场地类别划分方法有必要进行修正。     

地下管线的有效应力地震反应分析

地下管线的地震反应与管线周围土体的动力特性以及管土之间的相互作用密切相关。在地震作用下,孔隙水压力的发展会导致土体有效应力的降低,并且影响土体的动力特性。根据有效应力方法以及土体的非线性动力本构模型,可以研究孔隙水压力的增长与消散、有效应力的降低以及土动力特性的变化。在地下管线与周围土体之间引入接触单元,来模拟管土之间的接触传递问题;通过有限单元法,对地下管线的地震反应进行了全过程地震反应分析的数值模拟。计算结果表明:在地震作用下,孔隙水压力的增长造成了土体的软化,使得土体的动力特性发生变化,因此管线的地震响应也发生了相应的变化。     

白腐菌Trametes hirsute对六氯苯的降解及其条件优化

在液体体系下,筛选了5株白腐菌,对六氯苯进行了降解研究,并优化了白腐菌Trametes hirsute TH对六氯苯的降解条件.结果表明,不同白腐菌均能降解六氯苯,其中白腐菌Trametes sp.TR对六氯苯降解率最高,达90.21%;而白腐菌T.hirsute TH对六氯苯降解率为87.08%,但生物量最高,达3.33 g/L.通过响应面法优化白腐菌T.hirsute TH降解六氯苯的条件,结果显示,转速、接种量和培养时间是影响六氯苯降解的主要因素.优化后的最佳条件为:转速125 r/min,菌丝接种量8%(V/V),培养时间2 d,温度28 ℃,pH为7.在优化条件下,2 d内白腐菌T.hirsute TH对浓度为10 mg/L的六氯苯降解率和降解量分别可达91.52%和2.288 mg L-1 d-1.图2表7参17     

Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This article examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the spatial distribution of exposure to urban heat in the context of climate justice and residential segregation in the U.S. An urban heat risk index (UHRI) is calculated from measures of land surface temperature, structural density, and vegetation abundance, acquired from summer 2010 remote sensing imagery. Twenty of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are selected and analysed using census tract-level socio-demographic data from the U.S. Census. Multilevel modelling is utilised to examine the statistical associations between urban heat, minority status, socioeconomic disadvantage, and MSA-level segregation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Variables representing socioeconomic status (i.e. household income, home ownership, and education level) are consistently and significantly associated with greater urban heat exposure. Minority status and measures of segregation have a significant but varied relationship with urban heat exposure, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing social geographies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different metropolitan areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.     

The dynamic response of pressure relief valves in vapor or gas service. Part II: Experimental investigation

An experimental testing program designed to evaluate the opening stability characteristics of direct acting pressure relief valves (PRV) in gas/vapor service is described. Three different valve sizes from each of three different manufacturers were tested at two different set pressures to determine their opening characteristics (disk lift vs. time). The valves were tested with several different lengths of inlet piping as well as with and without discharge piping to determine the conditions under which unstable operation (chatter) would occur. Part I of this program described a mathematical model for predicting the dynamic response of PRV's, and the data described in this test program were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model, as described in Part III of this study to follow.     

What makes affirmative action‐based hiring decisions seem (un)fair? A test of an ideological explanation for fairness judgments

Studies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

响应面法优化厌氧上清液除磷的研究

在用铁盐对厌氧段富磷上清液进行化学磷沉淀以实现磷的回收和达标排放的SBR系统中,为了减少铁盐化学除磷残余物可能对生物处理系统的影响,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验原理和响应面分析法,选择Fe:P、混凝搅拌强度、絮凝搅拌强度、搅拌时间等为自变量,残余铁离子为响应值,研究自变量之间的交互作用,以期优化化学除磷条件.通过Design-Expert 8.0软件得到1个二次响应曲面模型. 得出最佳除磷条件: Fe:P比为1.40:1,搅拌强度为275r/min,快速搅拌时间为30s,絮凝搅拌强度为60r/min,絮凝时间为18min,沉淀时间为20min.在此条件下,化学混凝后残余铁离子浓度为0.37mg/L,化学除磷率大于97.66%.     

Social learning for sustainability: supporting sustainable business in Brazil regarding multiple social actors,relationships and interests

Finding solutions for complex environmental, economic and social issues in organisations relies on coordinated actions among several social actors that are involved in the sustainable development web and demands that they learn new business methods. In this scenario, which involves multiple social actors, relationships, contexts and interests, social learning has emerged as a hybrid approach to resolving complex environmental and social problems. Such an approach marks a different situation for organisations whose focus is not only on supporting such problem resolution but also on transforming such crises into opportunities to generate sustainable products and services. Thus, this study discusses how one of the largest companies in Latin America’s chemical segment formed a network with 23 social actors and is socially learning to deal with the dialectic between return on investments for its shareholders and benefits for its stakeholders. Research was conducted based on Boje’s narrative analysis. The data was built through interviews, informal conversations, textual and audio-visual documents and non-participant observation. This paper discusses the concept and describes the social learning process for sustainability (in this case, for sustainable agriculture) from the viewpoint of a for-profit organisation. In this manner, this study contributes to strengthening the connection between social learning and sustainability.     

When information becomes action: drivers of individuals' trust in broadcast versus peer‐to‐peer information in disaster response

Information and communications technology (ICT), primarily mobile telephones and social media, is increasingly important in crisis and disaster response in developing countries. This fact raises an important question: in an information environment that includes traditional media such as radio and television, who are the people that trust information from ICT enough to act on it during a disaster? Drawing on a case study of and original survey data from the island nation of the Independent State of Samoa, this paper yields insights into who uses new technologies, particularly mobile telephones, to make decisions at the local level during crises such as natural disasters, as well as the socio‐political factors that motivate their behaviour. The results add to the growing pool of knowledge on utilisation of ICT and new technologies in developing countries for disaster response, and provide practical information on the social and political factors that lead people to trust different information sources and media.     

Looking forward: Disasters at 40

This paper reflects on contemporary studies of and responses to disasters, highlighting the importance of historical, spatial, and intersectional modes of analysis, and draws on the author's ongoing research on Southern‐led and local community responses to displacement in the Middle East. Acknowledging the plurality of ‘international communities of response’, it begins by critiquing the depiction of selected responses to disasters as ‘positive’ ‘paradigm shifts’, including in reference to the ‘localisation of aid, and the United Nations’ Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan for Syria. Next it turns to three key themes that are central to disasters studies: migration; forced displacement; and Southern‐led responses to disasters. Among other things, the paper argues that exploring the principles and modalities of South–South cooperation, rather than promoting the incorporation of Southern actors into the ‘international humanitarian system’ via the localisation agenda, presents a critical opportunity for studies of and responses to disasters.