Effects of climate and exurban development on nest predation and predator presence in the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA)

In the eastern United States, land-use and climate change have likely contributed to declines in the abundance of Neotropical migrant birds that occupy forest interiors, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We conducted a nest-predation experiment in southern Appalachian Mountain forests (North Carolina, U.S.A.) during the 2009 and 2010 breeding seasons to determine the effects of exurban development and temperature on predator presence and the average number of days until eggs in an artificial nest were disturbed by predators. We baited artificial nests with quail (Excalfactoria chinensi) eggs and monitored them for 18 days. We used clay eggs, track plates, and motion-triggered cameras to detect and identify nest predators. The average number of days a nest was undisturbed decreased as mean temperature increased and, to a lesser extent, as the density of buildings increased. Nests on the ground were more often depredated than those in trees, likely due to increased predation by opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and other carnivores. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), opossums, corvids (Corvus brachyrhynchos and Cyanocitta cristata), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and domestic cats (Felis catus) were the most commonly detected predators. Presence of these predators did not vary as a function of mean temperature. Domestic cats and corvids were detected more frequently in plots with high rather than low densities of buildings. Forest-interior specialists and Neotropical migrants often nest in cool, high-elevation areas with low housing density. These bird species, especially those that nest on the ground, may be most vulnerable to increased nest predation if temperature and exurban development increase at higher elevations as anticipated.     

白泥海水脱硫示范工程的中试研究

对黄岛发电厂3#机组白泥海水脱硫示范工程进行了中试研究。试验结果表明:以白泥做吸收剂,脱硫效率可达到90%以上,并能产生较好的经济效益,脱硫过程中可以直接消耗白泥,从而达到以废治废的目的。     

棱状钻杆应用于松软突出煤层钻进强度匹配研究

为解决棱状钻具的强度匹配问题,应用实体设计和数值分析软件,建立不同结构棱状钻具力学分析模型,对其进行强度分析,优化棱状钻具结构。分析结果表明,常规棱状类钻具整体强度匹配不合理,丝扣位置存在受力薄弱点,安全系数较低且整体分布不均衡。可采取加大接头直径、优化接头及棱边结构、应用摩擦焊接工艺等技术手段提高棱状钻具整体强度;改进后的棱状钻杆,整体安全系数分布均衡、波动小,钻杆整体力学性能得到了有效的提高。通过工程应用,解决了煤矿复杂条件煤层钻孔施工丢钻、断钻频繁的被动局面,平均深度超过了设计深度,钻进效率提高20     

松软煤层锚固孔孔底扩孔锚固性能试验研究

针对松软煤层巷道锚杆锚固力低成为制约松软煤层巷道锚杆支护技术发展的瓶颈,提出锚固孔孔底倒楔形扩孔提高锚杆锚固性能的方法,研发了锚固孔孔底单翼扩孔装置,并进行了实验室和井下现场试验,结果表明单翼锚固孔孔底扩孔装置设计的科学性和可行性。通过实验室试验及井下试验得出,锚固孔孔底倒楔形锚固,锚杆的锚固性能至少提高1倍以上,为松软煤层巷道锚杆支护的应用奠定了基础。     

舍铁固废千法生产氧化铁红新工艺技术研究

针对冶金企业在生产过程中发生的含铁尘泥,提出了与之相适应的处理新工艺。利用部分种类的尘泥成功制取了符合磁性材料行业要求的氧化铁红,并广泛应用于磁材预烧料企业,从而为含铁尘泥的综合利用提供了新的思路和有效途径。     

成都粘土去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

文章以成都粘土作为氨氮吸附剂,通过单因素探讨了用土量、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、pH和静置时间5个因素对氨氮去除率的影响。研究表明,在用土量m=50 g/L,pH=8.0的条件下,以r=100 r/min搅拌40 min,并静置24 h后,粘土对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除率可达到23.97%,粘土单位氨氮吸附率为7.14 mg/g。实验表明,粘土可有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,更便于生化法在后续处理中的应用,将其与生化法、矿物吸附法等物理方法组合使用,能更好地处理垃圾渗滤液。     

RBF神经网络在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

运用MATLAB软件的K均值聚类算法结合神经网络工具箱,通过建立RBF神经网络对郑汴路圃田—杏花营段路旁土壤进行了评价。结果表明,土壤重金属积累峰值污染峰值多出现在距路基50m范围以内,并随着距路基距离的增加,污染程度逐渐下降。风力因素和邻近铁路对路段两侧土壤重金属污染影响较大,且公路运营时间越早,对两侧土壤污染越严重。杏花营断面土壤质量以Ⅱ级为主,北侧断面土壤质量多为Ⅲ级。圃田断面各样点综合评价结果均为Ⅱ级,整体质量优于杏花营断面。RBF神经网络评价方法具有计算速度快,评价结果客观等优点。     

Adsorptive removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by using Turkish illitic clay

The ability of Turkish illitic clay (TIC) in removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions has been examined in a batch adsorption process with respect to several experimental conditions including initial solution pH, contact time, initial metal ions concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and TIC concentration, etc. The characterization of TIC was performed by using FTIR, XRD and XRF techniques. The maximum uptake of Cd(II) (11.25 mg g⁻¹) and Pb(II) (238.98 mg g⁻¹) was observed when used 1.0 g L⁻¹ of TIC suspension, 50 mg L⁻¹ of initial Cd(II) and 250 mg L⁻¹ of initial Pb(II) concentration at initial pH 4.0 and contact time of 240 min at room temperature. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. The monolayer adsorption capacity of TIC was found to be 13.09 mg g⁻¹ and 53.76 mg g⁻¹ for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. The kinetics of the adsorption was tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The results showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions onto TIC proceeds according to the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) changes indicated that the present adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range of 5–40 °C.     

造纸废水处理过程的高斯过程回归软测量建模

针对造纸废水处理系统的时变性、非线性和复杂性等特点,本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的软测量模型.基于平方指数协方差、线性协方差和周期性协方差函数组合构建了7种高斯过程回归模型,分别对出水化学需氧量和出水悬浮固形物浓度进行回归预测.此外,还对比了多元线性回归模型、主成分回归模型、偏最小二乘模型、人工神经网络模型和高斯回归模型的预测效果.对比计算结果表明无论是对输出变量的训练拟合还是预测,高斯过程回归模型的拟合效果均优于非高斯过程回归模型.高斯过程回归模型的预测结果表明：对于出水化学需氧量,线性协方差函数与周期性协方差函数的组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果;对于出水悬浮固形物,平方指数协方差函数与线性协方差函数组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果.     

软水中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐体系溶解性铜释放影响

通过静态模拟试验研究了在软水体系中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐缓蚀行为的影响,结果表明,富里酸含量、软水pH值、停留时间影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀作用;高浓度的富里酸(16mg/L,以TOC计)明显增加溶解性铜释放,且从新铜管释放溶解性铜浓度高于老化6个月和12个月的铜管;在富里酸存在下,pH值较低时显著增加溶解性铜的释放,随着pH值的增大,富里酸对溶解性铜的释放影响降低;在96h的停留过程中,溶解性铜的释放浓度不断发生变化,表明富里酸与铜离子形成的络合物影响磷酸与铜的相互作用,从而影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀效果.