Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption–desorption of imidacloprid onto a lacustrine Egyptian soil and its clay and humic acid fractions

Sorption–desorption of the insecticide imidacloprid 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine onto a lacustrine sandy clay loam Egyptian soil and its clay and humic acid (HA) fractions was investigated in 24-h batch equilibrium experiments. Imidacloprid (IMDA) sorption–desorption isotherms onto the three sorbents were found to belong to a non-linear L-type and were best described by the Freundlich model. The value of the IMDA adsorption distribution coefficient, Kd_ads, varied according to its initial concentration and was ranged 40–84 for HA, 14–58 for clay and 1.85–4.15 for bulk soil. Freundlich sorption coefficient, Kf_ads, values were 63.0, 39.7 and 4.0 for HA, clay and bulk soil, respectively. The normalized soil Koc value for imidacloprid sorption was ～800 indicating its slight mobility in soils. Nonlinear sorption isotherms were indicated by 1/n_ads values <1 for all sorbents. Values of the hysteresis index (H) were <1, indicating the irreversibility of imidacloprid sorption process with all tested sorbents. Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values indicated a spontaneous and physicosorption process for IMDA and a more favorable sorption to HA than clay and soil. In conclusion, although the humic acid fraction showed the highest capacity and affinity for imidacloprid sorption, the clay fraction contributed to approximately 95% of soil-sorbed insecticide. Clay and humic acid fractions were found to be the major two factors controlling IMDA sorption in soils. The slight mobility of IMDA in soils and the hysteresis phenomenon associated with the irreversibility of its sorption onto, mainly, clay and organic matter of soils make its leachability unlikely to occur.     

凹凸棒石粘土固定辣根过氧化物酶处理含酚废水

采用凹凸棒石粘土、可溶性淀粉和工业水玻璃作为制备凹凸棒石粘土基颗粒的材料,并将制备的凹凸棒石粘土基颗粒进行改性,得到了改性后的凹凸棒石基多孔材料,并将其作为固定辣根过氧化物酶的载体,再应用于含酚废水的处理研究,取得了良好的效果。实验结果表明,辣根过氧化物酶的最佳固定化条件为:单位酶活载体量1 mg、固定化时间1.5小时、固定pH值5。并且在固定化酶循环使用6次后,苯酚去除率仍能达到62.3%。     

壳聚糖改性粘土对高藻水中藻类的絮凝去除

对壳聚糖改性粘土用于天然高藻水中藻类的絮凝去除进行了研究。实验表明,经壳聚糖改性后的粘土对高藻水中藻细胞有较好的去除效果。粘土的种类对除藻效果有一定影响,其中以高粘凹凸棒石为最佳,其最佳投加量为66mg/L(壳聚糖6 mg/L),此时的叶绿素去除率达到95.45%。相比单独投加壳聚糖,粘土的加入增加了絮体密实度,减少了絮体体积,并使絮体分布更均匀。粘土的粒径对絮凝效果基本没有影响,粒径范围在25～74μm时,改性粘土对藻细胞的凝聚效果是一致的。经壳聚糖改性的粘土在酸性条件下絮凝效果较好,当pH值大于7时,其絮凝能力迅速下降。     

电解-水生植物-软隔离带复合技术治理重污染河流的中试研究

为了探索重污染河流的治理技术,2011年3月在无锡市新区鸿山镇徐塘桥河开展生态治理示范工程,通过电解技术、种植高等水生植物和构建软隔离带复合工程技术改善河流水质。实验结果表明,通过电解技术,可以迅速降低TP、氨氮（NH4＋-N）和COD;但较难减少TN。通过软隔离带可以有效隔离外源污染,在较短时间内改善河流TN、TP、COD的平均水平,但是难以提高河流的生态系统稳定性。电解能够有效的降解大分子有机物,为水生植物提供良好的生长环境,之后再种植水生植物,能够进一步降低的TN、TP。通过电解一水生植物一软隔离带复合技术不仅能够全面改善河流水质的平均水平,而且能够修复水生生态系统,提高生态系统稳定性。     

软土等向固结与K_0固结条件下的三轴试验研究

对某软土重塑样分别进行等向固结和K0固结条件下的三轴试验,研究了不同固结条件、不同围压下软土的强度和应力应变特性,并对试验结果进行了分析和对比。结果表明:低围压下,等向固结三轴压缩试验和K0固结三轴压缩试验土样破坏时的主应力差差别不大,随着围压增大,K0固结条件下试验土体的主应力差要明显大于等向固结条件下的试验土体;与等向固结相比,K0固结条件下的土体粘聚力c值减小,而内摩擦角增大;土体呈现剪缩特性。运用等向固结三轴压缩试验确定的邓肯模型参数模拟K0固结条件下土体的试验曲线,吻合较好,初步验证了邓肯模型参数对K0固结土体的适用性。     

环保型中小企业借贷环境分析

在经济多元发展的新历史阶段,环保型中小型企业作为正在蓬勃发展和活跃市场的重要经济个体,可以优化产业经济结构,推动循环经济发展.本文从软信息与关系型借贷研究入手,针对目前环保型中小企业财务信息不甚清晰、抵抗外界经济冲击能力有限和融资渠道特殊等特点,建立博弈模型,深入分析完全信息和不完全信息条件下,小额贷款公司与环保型中小企业客户之间的借贷关系.通过整体构建基于软信息特征的制度化信用风险控制准则,最终达到合理满足环保型中小企业激增的特殊融资需求.研究结果表明:以关系型借贷理论为依托,为满足各自的市场需求和利益保障,需要充分考虑环保型中小企业贷款客户的各类软信息,建立符合软信息时效性的信贷流程,决策权相对集中的组织结构和面向软信息收集的正向激励机制,从而实现对环保型中小企业客户贷款信用风险的有效控制,最终达到完善区域信用环境、支持中小企业发展和活跃社会主义市场经济的多重目标.     

污水处理智能控制与优化控制方法及应用

论述目前污水处理中的智能控制与优化控制方法的研究与应用现状,对模糊控制技术、神经网络软测量与控制、优化控制等方法进行了分析,指出在污水生物处理中引入智能控制是一种提高处理效率、降低运行成本的有效方法.污水处理最优控制能使系统运行稳定可靠,出水水质达到预定标准,而且使出水水质满足要求不增加处理成本.     

不同粘土矿物材料对Pb2+的吸附特征

探讨了在不同矿物投加量、不同振荡时间、不同Pb2 浓度、不同矿物颗粒细度和不同pH条件下,钠基膨润土、膨胀蛭石和沸石3种粘土矿物对Pb2 的吸附效果.结果表明:对于具有可膨胀层间的粘土矿物而言,其对溶液中Pb2 的吸附量不仅仅由单一的阳离子交换量所决定;Pb2 在矿物表面的吸附过程是个迅速的过程,矿物对Pb2 的吸附在10 min内即可完成;粘土矿物不同颗粒细度对Pb2 的去除率有所不同,但考虑到实际应用中的成本问题,并非颗粒越细越好;就试验所采用的3种粘土矿物而言,其对Pb2 的吸附效果是,钠基膨润土和沸石明显优于膨胀蛭石;较高的pH有助于粘土矿物对溶液中Pb2 的吸附,但考虑到实际操作的其他因素,不能把pH调得过高.     

活性白土废水治理的实验研究

活性自土生产过程中产生大量的含微细白土颗粒的强酸性废水,处理效果一直不佳.实验改进白土生产工艺,通过粒度控制,从根本上减少白土生产过程中超细白土颗粒的产生,循环利用硫酸和洗涤水以减少成本和对环境的污染.并对影响活性自土质量的主要生产工艺条件进行了比较系统的试验研究,确定了最佳工艺条件.成功地制备了脱色率92.88%,过滤速度21.27mL/mim的高效植物油活性白土.