Effects of fuel reactivity and injection timing on diesel engine combustion and emissions

Recent strategies for simultaneously reducing NOx and soot emissions have focused on achieving nearly premixed, low-temperature combustion (LTC) in diesel engines. A promising approach in this regard is to vary fuel reactivity in order to control the ignition delay and optimize the level of premixing and reduce emissions. The present study examines such a strategy by performing 3-D simulations in a single-cylinder of a diesel engine. Simulations employ the state-of-the-art two-phase models and a validated semi-detailed reaction mechanism. The fuel reactivity is varied by using a blend of n-heptane and iso-octane, which represent surrogates for gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. Results indicate that the fuel reactivity strongly influences ignition delay and combustion phasing, whereas the start of injection (SOI) affects combustion phasing. As fuel reactivity is reduced, the ignition delay is increased and the combustion phasing is retarded. The longer ignition delay provides additional time for mixing, and reduces equivalence ratio stratification. Consequently, the premixed combustion is enhanced relative to diffusion combustion, and thus the soot emission is reduced. NO_x emission is also reduced due to reduced diffusion combustion and lower peak temperatures caused by delayed combustion phasing. An operability range is observed in terms of fuel reactivity and SOI, beyond which the mixture may not be sufficiently well mixed, or compression ignited. The study demonstrates the possibility of finding an optimum range of fuel reactivity, SOI, and EGR for significantly reducing engine out emissions for a given load and speed.     

Numerical simulation of DPF thermal regeneration process based on an improved dynamic model

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an improved kinetics model of soot oxidation based on the traditional B-K model is employed to characterize the thermal regeneration process of diesel particulate filters (DPF). Considering the influence of specific surface area and inhibition factor on soot oxidation, the regeneration process is simulated and analyzed using the commercial FLUENT software combined with UDF method. The results show that soot particles react from the middle of the filter to both ends, and the temporal profile of soot mass in the thermal regeneration process could be divided into three sections: smooth reaction, rapid reaction, and late reaction. The regeneration time decreases with the increasing of the incoming oxygen volume fraction. When the thickness of the deposited soot layer is less than 0.1 mm, the regeneration time is prolonged as the thickness of the deposited layer decreases. When the thickness is more than 0.1 mm, the regeneration time shows the opposite trend with the thickness of the deposited layer. Meanwhile, the curve of maximum wall temperature changing with time is divided into heating, rapid-burning, and slow-burning regimes. The maximum wall temperature increases as the volume fraction of oxygen flow increases, and as the deposited layer thickness increases.     

锅炉烟尘监测过程质量控制及现场采样应注意的问题

以生态文明全面取代工业文明,是实现人类生存进步及经济可持续发展的唯一途径。以我国为例,在经历40年社会改革开放、经济高速增长之后,工业化、城市化、现代化所取得巨大成就的背后,是生态环境的严重破坏,尤其近年来"雾霾"成为生态环境治理中最为顽固的诟病。锅炉烟尘是造成雾霾现象的"主要元凶",从环境监测角度出发,加强锅炉烟尘监测过程及现场采样质量控制,精准地获取相关数据,能够为环境治理方案提供科学依据。但同时,锅炉烟尘监测及采样是十分复杂且具有系统性的工作,在整个过程中需要加强质量控制。本文列举相关注意问题,以供技术人员在操作中参考借鉴。     

柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物催化燃烧催化剂的最新研究进展

柴油车尾气排放的碳烟颗粒已经引起了严重的环境污染问题,必须加以净化处理.柴油车碳烟颗粒的低温燃烧离不开高活性的催化剂.针对柴油车排放的碳烟颗粒物后处理方法中的催化氧化技术,总结了近年来几种主要类型的碳烟燃烧催化剂(贵金属催化剂、碱金属催化剂、单组分过渡金属氧化物催化剂、多组分混合氧化物催化剂和固定结构复合氧化物催化剂)的最新研究进展,并对该研究方向存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨.     

保护环境降低污染实施绿色技术应用——煤无烟燃烧锅炉消除碳黑技术

以环境科学为基础,结合计算流体力学和燃烧学理论,对炉内碳黑生成进行了数值模拟。在理论上证明了煤无烟燃烧锅炉“多孔分层错列撞击流”式二次风在消除碳黑方面具有明显的效果。经过实际证明,所设计的链条炉排煤无烟燃烧锅炉既提高了资源利用率,又保护了环境。     

炼焦炉移动式消烟除尘净化技术

针对焦化炉荒煤气的治理,使用移动式净化装置。荒煤气经过焚烧旋流板塔吸收气水离心分离工艺处理后,其烟尘排放平均浓度为215mgm3,SO2排放平均浓度为320mgm3,烟气黑度(林格曼黑度级)为1级,各项指标均达到国家《炼焦炉大气污染物排放标准》中的排放标准。     

南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

感烟火灾探测器的灵敏度评测

为了在设计火灾探测系统时，提供探测器的选型依据，该文通过火灾探测综合模拟试验平台(FE／DE)，利用四种国家标准火所用燃料生成典型火灾烟气，对光电型与离子型两种常规点式感烟火灾探测器的灵敏度性能进行了评测与比较。结果表明，对于木材热解生成烟气，与离子感烟探测器相比，光电型探测器的输出烟值增加更为急剧。然而对于棉绳阴燃火、聚氨脂塑料火及正庚烷火生成的烟气，离子型比光电型响应更为灵敏，特别是对于后两者明火生成的能够吸收光而减弱光散射的黑烟。最后指出，依据监控场所中可能存在的可燃物种类而选择相应类型的火灾探测器，将提高所设计火灾报警系统的可靠性。     

沸腾炉烟尘磨损性及对策

沸腾炉烟尘含尘浓度高达200一300g／m^3，并且温度高，成分杂，其对净化系统的磨损性不容忽视。本文通过探讨高浓度沸腾炉烟尘的磨损机制，针对湘南某化工厂运行实践，提出了切实可行的防磨损系列措施。     

Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.