太原市采暖期PM10中PAHs的碳同位素组成及源贡献率

在太原市7个点位采集采暖期PM10样品,用气相色谱-同位素质谱仪测定环境空气PM10和污染源(煤烟尘和机动车尾气)中9种多环芳烃(PAHs)的碳同位素组成(δ13C),并根据碳同位素质量平衡原理定量环境空气PAHs的源贡献率.结果表明:煤烟尘中PAHs随环数增加贫13C,机动车尾气中PAHs随环数增加富13C;各点位PAHs的δ13C值差别不大,变化趋势与煤烟尘基本一致,煤烟尘是城市PAHs的主要污染源;煤烟尘对各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的贡献率都大于机动车尾气,对 的贡献率与机动车尾气相当,煤烟尘是各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的主要来源, 是二者共同作用的结果;煤烟尘和机动车尾气对全市环境空气中荧蒽、苯并[ghi]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[b+k]荧蒽贡献率比都约为7:3,太原市环境空气PAHs污染属于煤烟尘和机动车尾气的复合污染.     

复合氧化物催化材料上碳颗粒物的催化燃烧

针对柴油车排放碳颗粒物的控制 ,研制可应用于柴油车排放碳颗粒物催化再生复合氧化物催化材料 .通过运用热分析仪 (TGA)和程序升温氧化反应装置 (TPO)对复合氧化物催化材料的活性进行评价 ,研究了催化材料的组成、原子配比、催化材料与碳颗粒物质量比、H₂O的加入、焙烧温度对催化活性的影响 .实验结果表明 :双组分金属氧化物催化剂中 ,Cu-Mo-O有较好的活性 ;多组分金属氧化物催化剂中 ,Cu-K-Mo-O在原子比Cu∶K∶Mo =1∶1∶2 ,催化剂与碳颗粒物质量比为 5∶1时活性最好 ,其碳颗粒物起燃温度为 32.7℃ ,同时H₂O和焙烧温度对该催化剂的影响较小 ,是能够应用于柴油车排放碳颗粒物控制催化再生的良好催化材料 .     

GGH换热元件结垢堵塞原因分析及防治措施

京隆发电公司脱硫系统运行过程中经常发生GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞现象,分析了GGH结垢和堵塞的原因,主要包括除雾器除雾效率差;脱硫系统水平衡设计不合理;除雾器冲洗水系统故障、设计不当或冲洗不足;吸收塔补充石灰石浆液量过大;GGH换热元件波形板或GGH换热面高度设计不合理;吹灰系统设计不合理;氧化风量不足;吸收塔液位长时间保持在高液位、消泡剂添加不足;燃煤硫分的变化及吸收剂品质不好等。提出了防治措施,较好地解决了GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞的问题。     

湖北孝感不同类型扬尘中黑碳的污染特征及来源分析

在湖北孝感采集5种不同类型扬尘(道路尘 、大气降尘 、堆场尘 、土壤尘和建筑尘)样品45个,并采用热光反射法测定其黑碳(BC)、焦炭和烟炱浓度.结果表明:(1)孝感扬尘中BC质量浓度为0.02～10.65 g/kg,平均值为1.45 g/kg,BC平均值表现为道路尘>土壤尘>建筑尘>大气降尘>堆场尘.(2)BC和总有机...     

柴油车排气净化技术探讨

柴油车的排气污染受到了越来越多的关注。文章分别介绍了柴油机排气中氮氧化物的还原、碳烟颗粒物的氧化以及同时去除氮氧化物和颗粒物的各种催化净化技术及其最新研究进展,并对该研究方向存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨。     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.     

Application of a Fibrous Electrostatic Filterfor Treatment of Diesel Exhaust

The paper presents results of investigations of a novel method for diesel exhaust filtration in a fibrous filter supplemented by the external electrostatic field (FEF), which may be used to eliminate the occupational hazard near sources of diesel emission. The reported research follows the preliminary basic study of soot removal in such systems (Ciach, Sosnowski, & Podgórski, 1995), and is focused on the construction and testing of a prototype technical-scale FEF device. The results suggest a strong relation between applied voltage and filtration efficiency of the system and demonstrate the influence of aerosol precharging on the efficiency, which can be more than 95%.     

可吸入颗粒物生物活性及其微观特征分析

采用质粒DNA评价法研究了2004年春季北京市区和郊区上甸子(本底区)PM₁₀的生物活性.结果表明,郊区上甸子2个PM₁₀的TD20值(引起20%质粒DNA损伤所需要的颗粒物剂量)分别为53μg·mL^-1和<50μg·mL^-1,市区2个PM₁₀的TD20值分别为125μg·mL^-1和100μg·mL^-1,说明郊区PM₁₀的生物活性明显高于市区.同时利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术,从PM₁₀微观特征上进行了生物活性差异的原因分析,认为其原因有:①上甸子PM₁₀中以细颗粒物为主,在0～0.7μm粒度范围内的细颗粒物的数量百分含量明显高于市区PM₁₀,而表面积则在0～1.0μm的范围内高于市区;②市区PM₁₀中以粒度较大的矿物颗粒物为主,而上甸子PM10则以生物活性较大的烟尘为主,数量百分含量高达58.8%.因此PM₁₀质量浓度并非评价可吸入颗粒物健康效应的唯一指标,颗粒物的粒度分布和类型可能在其生物活性中起重要作用.     

Spray and explosion characteristics of methanol and methanol-benzene blends near azeotrope formation: Effects of temperature,concentration, and benzene content

The explosion hazard of flammable liquids leaking to form spray in storage and transportation at ambient temperature has not been systematically investigated. This work presents new results from experimental investigations of the atomization and explosion characteristics of methanol, and methanol-benzene blends forming near the azeotrope under different initial conditions (initial temperature (298.15–318.15 K), methanol concentration (198–514.8 g/m³) and benzene content (41–81%)) in a 20-L spherical vessel. The empirical formulas for Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the droplets and the maximum explosion pressure with respect to the initial temperature and methanol concentration were obtained from the quantitative analysis. Compared to the explosion hazard of pure methanol and methanol-benzene blends spray, the results showed that the maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum explosion temperature of methanol-benzene blends were relatively low. Furthermore, the effect of carbon soot formation on the explosion hazard during explosion development was analyzed.