引起红土表层硅铝比值增大原因的可能性探讨

Si/Al或SiO2 /R2 O3 常常作为表生化学风化作用强度的重要指标。随着化学风化作用的进行 ,硅铝比或硅铝铁率表现出逐渐降低的演化趋势。中国南方的红土风化壳 ,是强烈化学风化作用的产物 ,被认为处于或经历了脱硅富铝化阶段。但是在红土剖面上部常常出现该比值不降反升的现象 ,给运用这一指标指示化学风化强度带来了困难。通过对贵州平坝、新蒲及花溪碳酸盐岩红色风化壳化学风化程度的研究 ,以及对中国南方几种不同结晶母岩上发育的红土的化学风化强度指标的对比讨论 ,探讨了产生这种现象的可能性原因。指出Fe、Al氧化物的下渗和淋失作用及其硅质的相对富集是引起中国南方红土表层出现Si/Al和SiO2 /R2 O3升高的主要原因。     

Effect of spectral resolution on the measurement of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by DOAS

The excellent response characteristics and detection sensitivity with much lower operational cost and the capability to discriminate between the isomer of some monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHCs) make di erential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) a powerful tool to trace concentration variation of MAHCs. But due to the similarity in chemical structure, those MAHCs have the similar overlapped characteristic absorption structures, which make the selection of instrumental parameter critical to the accurate detection of MAHCs. Firstly, the spectral resolution used in DOAS system determines the nonlinear absorption of O2 and the mass dependence of characteristic absorption structure; thereby it determines the effect of elimination error of O2 absorption in the atmospheric spectra for the detection of MAHCs. Secondly, spectral resolution determines the di erential absorption characteristics of twelve MAHCs representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry and the interference of spectral overlapping. Thirdly, the spectral resolution determines the sensitivity, time resolution and linear range. So the spectral resolution range with the best ratio of signal to noise is used to determine the most suitable spectral resolution range, as well as the spectral resolution range that ensure the characteristic absorption structure of MAHCs and the minimization of O2 absorption interference. Finally, 0.15–0.16 nm (FWHM: full width at half maximum) is assumed to be closest to the optimum spectral resolution and it is confirmed by the results of practical measurement of MAHCs by DOAS.     

黄山秋季大气颗粒物理化特性

为了研究华东背景地区大气单颗粒的理化特性,利用单颗粒飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)于2012年9月5日至10月28日在黄山对大气颗粒物进行了观测,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式探究了不同气团对颗粒物性质的影响.结果表明,黄山地区颗粒物可分为老化碳(Aged-EC)、富钾(K)、元素碳-有机碳混合物(ECOC)、有机碳(OC)、钠-钾混合物(NaK)、元素碳(EC)、元素碳-重金属混合物(ECHM)、重金属(HM)、矿物质(Minerals)共9类,其中Aged-EC占比最高,K其次,且含碳颗粒物老化程度较为严重.含碳颗粒物Aged-EC、 ECOC和OC集中在积聚模态(0.2～1.4μm),HM、 NaK和Minerals则集中于粗粒子模态(>1.4μm).除K、 ECHM和ECOC外,较高风速下不利于颗粒物的累积;相对湿度越高,含碳颗粒物的占比越大,而K、 OC、 Minerals和NaK的占比越小.聚类分析结果表明,采样时段内黄山地区主要受西北气团、海洋气团和局地气团影响.周边地区的工业排放、燃煤等活动是Aged-EC的首要贡献源.     

流域水污染监测与溯源技术研究进展

水污染特征识别和溯源是实施水污染精准治污的关键一步,也是流域水污染防治工作的前提。该文概述了不同分析监测技术、传统溯源方法与人工智能在水污染监测与溯源中的应用进展。光谱分析由于灵敏度高、准确度好,在实现水污染快速监测中应用最为广泛。传统溯源方法在复杂多样的水污染事故中不能准确快速地确定其污染源类型,而人工智能技术由于可以解决动态环境问题中的不确定性和复杂性,能够准确、智能地识别水质特征和追踪污染源。将人工智能与传统技术相结合是流域水污染溯源的发展趋势。展望了人工智能在水污染溯源方面的应用前景,为实现流域水污染全面监管提供了新的思路。