基于PSR模型的大丰市城市生态系统健康综合评价

文章以大丰市为例,探讨了城市生态健康的内涵及评价方法。研究中综合运用压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型和模糊数学方法,评价了具有复杂特性的城市生态健康问题,对城市生态健康评价的研究工作做出了有益尝试。文章采用基于PSR模型的城市生态系统健康评价方法,建立了影响城市生态系统健康各要素之间的联系,并结合模糊数学方法,较好的解决了生态健康评价标准的问题。研究结果表明,运用PSR模型将各种要素联系起来并考虑它们之间的相互作用,可以实现对城市生态系统健康的综合评价。     

土地资源、环境与经济发展的协调性评价——以通州市为例

评价系统发展协调性的"协调判别法"是这样一种方法:先为系统的各子系统选择一些有代表性又可用一定指标度量的要素,按一定标准将要素分作满意与不满意两类,统计加总各类要素的数量,以之作为度量用的综合指标,并经归一化处理得各子系统的"状态数";再将这些子系统与一定的"状态空间一对应,在此空间中利用"状态数"确定子系统所属系统的"状态点"及"完全协调线",然后分别计算状态点与协调线的距离(偏离度)、状态点与原点的距离(优化度),借助它们便可评价各子系统发展的同步性及相应系统的协调性.以此方法对通州市由土地利用、自然环境和社会经济3个子系统组成的系统进行的协调性评价表明,"协调判别法"具有含义明确、简单、较客观、易操作、可比性强的特点,适用于评价复杂系统的协调发展问题.     

Investigating the relationship between person–environment fit and safety behavior: A social cognition perspective

Introduction: This study explored the relationship between person–job fit and safety behavior, as well as the mediating role played by psychological safety, from the perspective of social cognitive theory and person–environment fit theory. Method: A total of 800 employees from petroleum enterprises were recruited, with cluster random sampling used to collect data in two stages. Results: The results showed that employees’ safety behavior is higher under the condition of “high person–job fit—high person–organization fit” than under that of “low person–job fit—low person–organization fit.” In other words, the more congruent the level of person–job fit and person–organization fit for a given employee, the higher their level of safety behavior. Practical Applications: Psychological safety plays a mediating role between the congruence of both person–job fit and person–organization fit and employees’ safety behavior.     

Synergistic inhibition of aluminum dust explosion by gas–solid inhibitors

The inhibition mechanism of gas-solid inhibitors on Al dust explosion was investigated experimentally in a closed cuboid chamber. The variation of parameters concerning flame propagation characteristic and explosion severity used to reflect the synergistic inhibition effect of gas-solid inhibitors on Al dust explosion were elucidated. The results showed that flame propagation velocity and explosion overpressure were inhibited with the increase of gas-solid inhibitors. The inhibition curves of gas-solid inhibitors within the experimental range were further obtained. The reason concerning the SEEP phenomenon was revealed through the GC-MS analysis. The combustion of ammonia enhanced the explosion overpressure when solid inhibitors performed at low concentration. The gas-phase product could be regarded as the inert gas as long as enough amount of inhibitors were added. To comprehend the inhibition mechanism of gas-solid inhibitors, X-ray diffraction was applied to figure out the crystal structure of explosion residue. The results indicated that both physical and chemical inhibition effects were imposed on Al dust explosion by gas-solid inhibitors, including endothermic decomposition, dilution of oxidizer, coverage of Al dust, and scavenger of free radicals. The results of this study will provide a scientific basis for the design of inhibition technology for the dust explosion.     

How effective are current household recycling policies? Results from a national survey of U.S. households

This paper analyzes a unique dataset collected during a 2006 national survey of U.S. households to explore the effectiveness of common household recycling policies for metals, glass, and plastics: curbside recycling, drop-off recycling, deposit–refund systems (bottle bills), and marginal pricing for household waste. After estimating either generalized ordered logit or multinomial logit models, we find that the most important determinants of household recycling are people's attitudes toward recycling. Our results also suggest that omitting internal variables (perceived recycling obstacles and benefits as well as moral considerations) may bias policy coefficients. Socio-economic variables are typically not statistically significant, with the exceptions of young adults and of African Americans who tend to recycle less than others. Policies with the largest odds ratios are curbside recycling (which is further strengthened if recycling is mandatory), followed by the presence of drop-off collection centers nearby. Bottle bills are also statistically significant but their odds ratios are smaller, possibly because refunds are relatively small and typically do not change for years. Finally, marginal pricing appears to have a limited impact on recycling. These results suggest avenues for improving household recycling at a time when recycling rates appear to be plateauing.     

氢化物诱致金属稳态裂纹扩展数学模型的应用

在温度和裂尖速度恒定、平面应变和小规模屈服、小规模氢化物沉淀条件下,应用有限元法研究氢化物诱致金属稳态裂纹扩展的信息.在考虑氢扩散、氢化物沉淀、非机械能量流和氢化物/固溶变形等多物理的耦合现象条件下,有限元结果和导出的分析表达式给出的结果都证实应力平稳平台的存在,且两种计算结果相当一致.分析关系式基于氢化学平衡并明确表明了温度、远端氢浓度和氢化物弹性性态效应.裂纹尖端场特性用于发展断裂准则和估计应力强度因子阈值.当归一化应力强度因子趋于零时,临近应力强度因子阈值的裂尖场产生,表现为氢化物沉淀区出现常静水应力.随着归一化应力强度因子值增加,裂纹扩展裂尖场从阶段I演化到阶段II,氢化物沉淀区域实际尺寸减小并偏离平台水平,裂尖场附近的力学响应基本和金属中不含有氢的工况一致,此时裂尖场强烈依赖于远离裂尖场的氢浓度.     

五元联系数在地表水环境质量评价中的应用

五元联系数μ=a bi cj dk el是集对分析理论中同异反联系数μ=a bi cj的一种拓广.在前人工作基础上,进一步研究了五元联系数中a、b、c、d、e的大小关系,总结提出了五元联系数同异反态势新表,并将其应用于地表水环境质量评价.其中的a、b、c、d、e分别对应于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V类地表水环境质量状况.实例研究表明,集对分析中的五元联系数用于地表水环境质量评价是可行的.在给出优劣排序的同时,还给出优劣的水平.     

A mixed methodology for evaluating use of evidence in conservation planning

Conservation practitioners widely recognize the importance of making decisions based on the best available evidence. However, the effectiveness of evidence use in conservation planning is rarely assessed, which limits opportunities to improve evidence-based practice. We devised a mixed methodology for empirically evaluating use of evidence that applies social science tools to systematically appraise what kinds of evidence are used in conservation planning, to what effect, and under what limitations. We applied our approach in a case study of the Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC), a leading land conservation organization. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 NCC planning documents (n = 13 in-depth) to identify patterns in evidence use, and surveyed 35 conservation planners to examine experiences of and barriers to using evidence. Although claims in plans contained a wide range of evidence types, 26% of claims were not referenced or associated with an identifiable source. Lack of evidence use was particularly apparent in claims associated with direct threats, particularly those identified as low (71% coded as insufficient or lacking evidence) or medium (45%) threats. Survey participants described relying heavily on practitioner experience and highlighted capacity limitations and disciplinary gaps in expertise among planning teams as barriers to using evidence effectively. We found that although time-intensive, this approach yielded actionable recommendations for improving evidence use in NCC conservation plans. Similar mixed-method assessments may streamline the process by including interviews and refining the document analysis frames to target issues or sections of concern. We suggest our method provides an accessible and robust point of departure for conservation practitioners to evaluate whether the use of conservation planning reflects in-house standards and more broadly recognized best practices.     

The wild ancestors of domestic animals as a neglected and threatened component of biodiversity

Domestic animals have immense economic, cultural, and practical value and have played pivotal roles in the development of human civilization. Many domesticates have, among their wild relatives, undomesticated forms representative of their ancestors. Resurgent interest in these ancestral forms has highlighted the unclear genetic status of many, and some are threatened with extinction by hybridization with domestic conspecifics. We considered the contemporary status of these ancestral forms relative to their scientific, practical, and ecological importance; the varied impacts of wild–domestic hybridization; and the challenges and potential resolutions involved in conservation efforts. Identifying and conserving ancestral forms, particularly with respect to disentangling patterns of gene flow from domesticates, is complex because of the lack of available genomic and phenotypic baselines. Comparative behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies of ancestral-type, feral, and domestic animals should be prioritized to establish the contemporary status of the former. Such baseline information will be fundamental in ensuring successful conservation efforts.     

基于PNGV模型的锂离子电池荷电状态估计

目的 提升不同老化情况下的锂离子电池荷电状态(SOC)估计精度。方法 基于PNGV模型(Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles)，对锂离子电池SOC进行估计。首先通过双线性变换对PNGV模型进行离散化，采用带有遗忘因子的递归最小二乘法(FFRLS)，对电池模型参数进行在线辨识，利用卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法进行SOC估计，并通过动态工况验证SOC估计精度。结果 以多种误差指标考察不同循环下的试验数据，在不同电池老化状态下具有较好的预测精度。相比基于Thevenin模型的算法，基于PNGV模型的算法可以将SOC平均绝对误差减少约60%，同时也可以将SOC估计最大绝对误差波动范围降低53.8%。结论 本算法引入PNGV模型后，解决了基于Thevenin模型算法误差大、不稳定的问题，提升了动力电池系统在不同老化环境下的适应性。