水质遥感研究进展

本文简述了遥感技术在水质监测中的意义,总结了可用于遥感监测的水质指标,同时对清澈水体、一类水体、二类水体及污染水体的光谱特征分别给予了介绍。着重讨论了水质遥感的基本方法,并在此基础上从营养盐、有机污染物和营养状态指数三项水质指标出发,对其研究现状进行了阐述,最后进一步提出了水质遥感领域中存在的主要问题,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

A study on aquaculture industry regulations and policies of globally representative states

Aquaculture has a long history,and has achieved rapid development from 1950 to 2010,especially since the 1990s.Nevertheless,aquaculture has also seen a series of problems emerge.Inevitably,aquaculture interacts with the environment and society.Rapid development requires that close attention be paid to potential environmental and social impacts and their prevention or mitigation.The development and management of aquaculture is related closely with a variety of legal and institutional arrangements.Thus,aquaculture raises numerous legal and institutional issues.This paper explores actual legal and institutional practices of global representative aquaculture countries and provides a comprehensive account of the legislation and policies of different countries.Further,this paper reveals that the optimal legal framework for aquaculture is in line with related international regulations(especially the soft laws)and strictly operational,and the corresponding policy framework should establish early access and warning,as well as post assessment and feedback mechanisms.     

火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展

对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展进行了评述,介绍了火灾探测技术、火灾中人员进灾的一般行为模式、火灾时最佳避灾路线的选择以及火灾时系统的控制决策等领域的研究现状,并对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的未来发展进行了展望。     

2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征

利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)对2008年残奥会期间北京市黑碳(BC)气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行连续在线观测.结果表明:观测期间BC浓度均值为1.65μg/m3,低于往年同期水平;质量粒径分布呈单峰型,峰值位于207nm;内混态BC比例平均为56.1%,高于其他国内外城市,说明本地源排放贡献相对较小.随大气边界层高度及本地源排放变化,BC浓度在上午8:00和午夜0:00出现2个峰值,内混态BC比例日变化趋势与之相反.风向风速分析表明,残奥会期间来自五环外未限行区域的机动车排放对市区BC浓度有明显影响.     

基于光电子能谱的高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄试验分析

鄂尔多斯盆地高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄现象普遍,腐蚀穿孔频次逐年上升,管道安全防护管理成为难题。为了识别输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄原因,作者在分析含水率、地层水水型、溶解氧对管道内腐蚀影响的基础上选择特征试验管段,基于X射线光电子能谱技术开展管道内壁厚度变化、金相组织、腐蚀产物特性、边缘腐蚀状态研究。结果表明:高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄类型为Cl+O2+H2O环境下的垢下腐蚀,以溶解氧（O2）腐蚀为主,氯离子（Cl－）腐蚀为辅;内壁腐蚀减薄原因为原油含水率过高、水中氯离子含量过高、水中含有溶解氧和介质流速偏低。     

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K₂SO₄ + 2Cl⁻) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K⁺ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.     

资源产权与道德的起源:演化博弈论的诠释

论文在一个演化经济学视角下考察资源产权和道德(以下简称为产权和道德)自生自发问题。首先,简略地梳理了产权生发研究的历史;介绍了应用博弈论,特别是演化博弈论研究产权生发问题的近况,并指出其不足之处在于博弈支付的社会经济学含义模糊和无法揭示行为博弈与博弈环境相互作用、共同演化的过程。其次,扩展了生物遗传学中适应度的概念,使其适于社会演化分析;分析了社会经济学适应度的构成及其与竞争类型的关系。第三,为了说明行为博弈与博弈环境之间的相互作用关系,在传统复制者动态方程组中,引入状态方程(或组)。第四,采用改进后的复制者动态方程组分析产权和道德自生自发的机理和过程,指出产权和道德都是人类无节制争斗和无约束生育的产物。最后,分析了洛克社会的三大不足,及其继续演化的动力。     

Sustainable forest management practice in Central African States and customary law

Sustainable forest management (SFM) has become a major focus for the international community. This is because of the multifunctional importance of forest resources for the entire planet, namely ecological, socio-economic, cultural and climatic balance. General awareness of forest importance unfortunately coincides with the observed increase in threats, especially anthropogenic, to this world heritage. To tackle the continuing deforestation and degradation, the international community, through the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) and its predecessors, has attempted to adopt an international convention on SFM based on the 15 Rio Declaration principles. The limited success of international negotiations aimed at the adoption of such an instrument leads us to seek an alternative within international law theories, through analysis of the relationship between states practice in SFM and customary international law. To this end, this paper focuses on the practice of Central African States in sustainable forest management, especially statement of principles, sub-regional treaty and domestic legislation. The analysis shows that their practice fulfils all the requirements in order to be regarded as regional custom. Therefore, principles and state practices of SFM can thus be considered legally binding for this sub-region, despite some major implementation shortcomings.     

武钢75t/h锅炉省煤器管泄漏原因分析和对策

通过对省煤器泄漏原因进行分析,得出造成泄漏的主要原因是由于近期锅炉燃料配比改变导致锅炉实际燃烧工况发生了变化,使省煤器沸腾度超过设计值,由此在省煤器蛇形管弯头和汽包布水管内壁产生汽水冲刷,使管壁减薄,最终爆开。采用减少锅炉省煤器管换热面积,降低省煤器沸腾度,并同时对汽包布水管缩径,增加锅炉给水在水平管道流速的方法,彻底消除了焦耐锅炉省煤器频繁泄漏现象,保障了3台锅炉安全连续运行。