南京江北新区大气单颗粒来源解析及混合状态

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱（SPAMS）于2015年12月1~31日对南京江北新区大气单颗粒进行了测量,共采集到同时含有正负离子谱图的颗粒747.8万个.结果表明,监测期间南京江北新区总体空气质量较差,污染天气占比为49.2%,SPAMS所捕获的颗粒数与PM_2.5质量浓度的相关性达到0.83,因此颗粒物数浓度在一定程度上能够用来反映大气污染状况,监测点主要污染源包括燃煤源以及机动车尾气源,工业工艺源污染占比居第3位,3种源的总贡献率达到63.5%.从整体上看,PM_2.5质量浓度的升高大多伴随着燃煤及机动车尾气占比的升高,EC、混合碳（ECOC）与OC在生物质燃烧、扬尘、汽车尾气排放、燃煤燃烧以及工业源中均与NO₂^-、NO₃^-以及SO₄^-有较高的混合程度.     

微波消解/ICP-AES法测定土壤中的环境有效态金属元素

传统的土壤样品消解技术手续繁琐、费时,成为整个分析过程的薄弱环节;微波消解很好地解决了这一问题。采用微波消解技术处理土壤样品,以ICP-AES法测定Ag、As、Ba.Be、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn,Al、Co 14种环境有效态金属元素。选择了HNO_3-HCL-H_20_2消解体系,确定了最佳微波消解功率和时间。方法精密度以相对标准偏差表示为1.20％～6.13％,准确度以回收率表示为79.6％～97.4％,与传统的酸解法处理样品相比较,相对误差在±120％以下,结果基本一致。微波消解处理土壤样品比传统的酸解法节省了约10倍的时间,具有快速、高效、清洁、用量少、背景值小等优点。     

高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱测定某些环境样品中硫的化学状态

本文用高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱仪分析了煤、植物叶、土壤等环境样品中硫的化学状态。同时参照有关方法,设计了较为适用的非线性最小二乘法谱线分离程序。部分样品测定结果与其它方法做了对照比较,其结果基本相近。证明本法是一种样品预处理简便、测定快速而又可靠的化学状态分析方法。     

给定地震烈度下供水系统受灾程度分析

本文提出了供水系统在给定地震烈度下受灾程度的一种分析方法。给出了地震后生命线工程系统受灾程度的一个定义。文中利用不同地震烈度下地下管道的统计震害率,并通过经验判断,确定各供水节点之间管道破坏的数量.根据震后各地下管段接头或管体本身对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度,判断管道破坏的位置和破坏的状态。在进行供水系统流量分析的基础上,给出各供水节点的服务状态。最后根据系统受灾程度的定义,计算供水系统的受灾程度。本文既利用了震害统计资料,又综合应用了理论分析得到的对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度。较科学地给出了供水系统地震后受灾程度的分析方法。同时还给出了生命线工程抗震设计准则.     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Summer total phosphorus in lakes: A map of Minnesota,Wisconsin, and Michigan,USA

A map of summer total phosphorus in lakes has been compiled for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan to clarify regional patterns in attainable lake trophic state. Total phosphorus was used as a measure of lake trophic state because: (1) phosphorus plays a central role in controlling the overall fertility of most lakes, (2) total phosphorus values are available for a great number of lakes, and (3) phosphorus is measured in a consistent manner. The maps were compiled using patterns of total phosphorus data and observed associations between these data and geographic characteristics including physiography, land use, geology, and soils. Regions depicted on the map represent areas of similarity in phosphorus concentrations in lakes, or similarity in the mosaic of values, as compared to adjacent areas. Within each region, differences in total phosphorus can be compared to natural and anthropogenic factors to determine the types of lakes representative of each region, the factors associated with differences in quality, and the realistically attainable phosphorus levels for each type of lake.     

Sediment Parameters of Northwest Black Sea Shelf and Slope: Implications for Transport of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides

In June 1990, sediment cores were obtained from several locations in the Northwest Black Sea shelf and slope by a joint US/USSR scientific team aboard the survey vessel R/V VODYANITSKY. the goal of this investigation was to determine the distribution and levels of radioactivity resulting from the Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident. the sediment was characterized for texture, mineral composition, redox state, heavy metals, and radionuclides. Correlations emerging from these data reveal paths of dispersal and transport of materials from river sources to deposition sites on the shelf and slope. Kaolinite in the clay mineral suite clearly reflects a dispersal pattern originating in the Danube River and progressing in an easterly direction across the shelf. Sand-size gypsum and the elemental heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb (probable industrial source) as well as the elements Al and Mg (probable terrigenous source) also show a dispersal pattern from the Danube station location in an easterly direction across the shelf. the dispersal direction indicated by these materials is not in conflict with recent existing notions concerning the hydrology of the Northwest Black Sea. Barium anomalies at a midshelf location may be related to operations in the Lebada oil fields situated updrift. Heavy mineral dispersal reflect the Danube and -Crimean Provinces established for the shelf and relate to terrestrial source areas. in addition, the heavy mineral monazite correlates with the radioactive Th 232 found most abundantly in the Crimean Province. Local anomalies of Mn, Fe and U in the sediment at station locations are related to redox (Eh) conditions and other factors. Cs^134/137 data, reported by Curtis and Broadway (1991), correspond to transport and dispersal patterns implicit in the mineralogic, anthropogenic indicators, and sediment characteristics of the study area.     

安全科学基本理论规律研究

通过对事物发展过程中的安全与危险的矛盾运动过程分析,抽象出一些基本概念和事故从孕育到发生发展及结束和后效阶段的基本特征,并对部分事例进行了分析。提出了安全科学的统一规律——安全流变与突变论,并初步建立了安全流变论的数学模型     

洞庭湖区湿地生态脆弱性研究

近年来洞庭湖区洪涝灾害的频发,使洞庭湖湿地生态脆弱带区域受到越来越多的关注.文章建立了湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系和方法,并利用该方法对洞庭湖区湿地进行了评价,依据湿地生态特性及演化规律建立评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,利用综合指数法计算湿地的脆弱度,为保护洞庭湖区湿地环境,合理开发、利用湿地资源提供了依据.     

络合铜废水预处理技术探讨

采用H2O2／Fe^2 构成的氧化体系对络合废水进行破络后，再采用常规的物理化学处理方法进行处理，达到将络合重金属离子去除及降低CODcr的目的。实验分析了影响H202／Fe^2 氧化体系破络反应的各种因素：H202投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、氧化反应时间，最后总结出该反应的最佳条件：H2O2／CODcr＝2．0、FeSO4投加量10g／1、pH＝3、反应时间lh。实验中的络合铜废水是源于某线路板厂家电镀沉铜车间排放的含EDTA络合铜的废水。