A Digital Filter for the State Estimation of Impulsive Noise Under the Existence of a Background Noise and its Experiment in the Work Environment

In the actual work environment, a specific objective noise, like machine and industrial noises, shows impulsive fluctuation form. Furthermore, it often occurs that a specific noise is partially or completely contaminated by background noise. In that case, the fluctuation wave form of the specific noise has to be estimated moment by moment in order to evaluate and/or improve the work environment. In this study, a digital filter for estimating an impulsively fluctuating specific noise is proposed. More specifically, after introducing a generalized time series regressive model of the specific noise, a method for estimating the impulsive noise based on an observation contaminated by the background noise is theoretically derived. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to the actual task of estimating an industrial impact noise.     

生石灰循环快速流态化烟气脱硫反应器稳态粒子模型的研究

介绍了一套按快速床设计(气速约2 m/s)建设的生石灰循环流态化反应装置上开展的冷模研究.通过对石灰颗粒的特性、流态化行为及磨损规律等研究,经过数学推导,建立了床层稳态粒子模型.该模型可在给定生石灰加入量、床料卸出量及生石灰粒径分布的情况下,预测稳态时的床层石灰藏量及其粒径分布,从而将为反应动力学研究提供脱硫剂床层的基础参数,促进这项新工艺的技术开发和工业应用.      

生物滴滤器净化低浓度甲苯废气的非稳态工况研究

生物法处理大气污染物时,经常会遇到条件波动或污染物间歇排放等非稳态工况。在不同非稳态条件下,考察了甲苯废气间歇排放对生物滴滤器净化性能的影响。实验方案分3种情况:无甲苯废气排放、无循环液供应或同时没有甲苯废气和循环液的供应。间歇排放时间从2~47 d不等。结果表明,不管何种形式的停运或故障,甲苯净化能力4 d以内基本不下降;停运时间超过5 d,则甲苯去除能力严重下降,仅为原来的1/3~1/2;停运时间在10 d以内,24 h内即可恢复,47 d的长期停运,3 d内也可恢复净化能力。     

Sediment Parameters of Northwest Black Sea Shelf and Slope: Implications for Transport of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides

In June 1990, sediment cores were obtained from several locations in the Northwest Black Sea shelf and slope by a joint US/USSR scientific team aboard the survey vessel R/V VODYANITSKY. the goal of this investigation was to determine the distribution and levels of radioactivity resulting from the Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident. the sediment was characterized for texture, mineral composition, redox state, heavy metals, and radionuclides. Correlations emerging from these data reveal paths of dispersal and transport of materials from river sources to deposition sites on the shelf and slope. Kaolinite in the clay mineral suite clearly reflects a dispersal pattern originating in the Danube River and progressing in an easterly direction across the shelf. Sand-size gypsum and the elemental heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb (probable industrial source) as well as the elements Al and Mg (probable terrigenous source) also show a dispersal pattern from the Danube station location in an easterly direction across the shelf. the dispersal direction indicated by these materials is not in conflict with recent existing notions concerning the hydrology of the Northwest Black Sea. Barium anomalies at a midshelf location may be related to operations in the Lebada oil fields situated updrift. Heavy mineral dispersal reflect the Danube and -Crimean Provinces established for the shelf and relate to terrestrial source areas. in addition, the heavy mineral monazite correlates with the radioactive Th 232 found most abundantly in the Crimean Province. Local anomalies of Mn, Fe and U in the sediment at station locations are related to redox (Eh) conditions and other factors. Cs^134/137 data, reported by Curtis and Broadway (1991), correspond to transport and dispersal patterns implicit in the mineralogic, anthropogenic indicators, and sediment characteristics of the study area.     

Population Viability Analysis with Species Occurrence Data from Museum Collections

Abstract: The most comprehensive data on many species come from scientific collections. Thus, we developed a method of population viability analysis (PVA) in which this type of occurrence data can be used. In contrast to classical PVA, our approach accounts for the inherent observation error in occurrence data and allows the estimation of the population parameters needed for viability analysis. We tested the sensitivity of the approach to spatial resolution of the data, length of the time series, sampling effort, and detection probability with simulated data and conducted PVAs for common, rare, and threatened species. We compared the results of these PVAs with results of standard method PVAs in which observation error is ignored. Our method provided realistic estimates of population growth terms and quasi‐extinction risk in cases in which the standard method without observation error could not. For low values of any of the sampling variables we tested, precision decreased, and in some cases biased estimates resulted. The results of our PVAs with the example species were consistent with information in the literature on these species. Our approach may facilitate PVA for a wide range of species of conservation concern for which demographic data are lacking but occurrence data are readily available.     

Views of Parents of Teenagers About Graduated Licensing After Experience with the Laws

Parents of 15 year-olds in Florida and Connecticut were first interviewed in 1996 about their views concerning new licensing requirements in their states. Connecticut had introduced a 6-month learner's permit requirement, effectively increasing the licensing age from 16 years to 16 years, 6 months (16 years, 4 months with driver education). Florida enacted a 6-month learner's permit period plus a night driving restriction for 16 and 17 year-olds. In 1996, parents were very supportive of the new requirements, particularly the minimum permit period and nighttime restrictions, even though they recognized they would be inconvenienced to some extent. The same parents were interviewed again in 1999, after most of their teenagers had obtained driver's licenses, and were even more supportive than before of the additional restrictions. Few parents reported that the laws inconvenienced them, and less than 20 percent said the laws had made it harder for their teenagers to get jobs. Furthermore, many were in favor of additional requirements, such as teenage passenger restrictions, not currently part of their states” laws. These findings should encourage other states to proceed with graduated licensing systems or to augment systems already in place.     

基于心理感知的铁路综合客运枢纽客流疏解预警研究*

为解决铁路综合客运枢纽客流疏解预警忽略旅客心理感知与焦虑问题,基于状态焦虑问卷,定量描述旅客焦虑状态,通过引入心理测量学中积极率划分客流疏解等级阈值,确定枢纽客流疏解预警等级,构建以旅客感知疏解时间为预警指标的回归预测模型。研究结果表明:模型可定量预测枢纽站各种交通接驳方式客流的感知疏解时间,准确描述枢纽站预警等级,研究结果可为管理人员选择相应疏解措施提供依据。     

近年全国地表水水质变化特征

采用2012~2020年国家地表水环境质量监测网839个可比断面（点位）数据分析了9年间地表水环境质量变化特征.结果表明,全国地表水环境质量持续改善,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例稳步上升,劣Ⅴ类比例持续下降;主要污染指标氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的年均值均呈逐年下降趋势,2020年比2012年分别下降75.9%、48.2%和17.5%.广西、海南和宁夏Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例保持100%,湖北和江西呈逐年下降趋势,其余省份均呈逐年上升趋势;广西、海南、宁夏、湖南和福建劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例保持为0,其余省份均呈逐年下降趋势;广西、江西的总磷和湖北、海南、辽宁的高锰酸盐指数呈逐年上升趋势,其余省份主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.十大流域主要江河Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例均呈波动上升趋势;劣Ⅴ类比例除浙闽片河流一直为0以外,其余流域均呈波动下降趋势;主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.2020年,32个重要湖泊中53%处于富营养状态,与2012年相比增加了12个百分点.总体来看,9年间全国地表水水质普遍好转,尤其是"十三五"以来,水污染防治工作取得显著成效,但各省、各流域之间具有差异性,水资源分布不均,水质改善存在不平衡性和不协调性,湖库富营养化趋势不容乐观.未来应统筹水资源、水环境和水生态,在地表水的精准治污和生态修复上着重发力.     

氢化物诱致金属稳态裂纹扩展数学模型理论研究

在温度和裂尖速度恒定、平面应变和小范围氢化物沉淀条件下,给出了考虑氢扩散、氢化物沉淀、非机械能量流和氢化物/固溶变形等多物理场的耦合效应的数学模型.导出了应力态金属中氢固态溶解度解析表达式,可用于描述不同弹性性态及任意几何形状的氢化物,其中氢化物和金属相假设为具有完全各向异性的力学性态.研究表明,当接近氢化学平衡和临近应力强度因子阈值裂纹扩展时,静水应力平台在临近裂尖氢化物沉淀的区域产生.静水应力平台强烈依赖于远场氢浓度和温度,但几乎与金属材料的屈服强度和硬化特性无关.同一静水应力也在产生氢化物的裂尖后面出现.裂尖场附近的特性用于估计远场氢浓度阈值(而且发现低于此阈值时不会产生氢化物沉淀)和应力强度因子阈值.当归一化应力强度因子接近零时,临近应力强度因子阈值的裂尖场产生,它可由氢化物沉淀区域的常静水应力体现.随着归一化应力强度因子值的增加,裂纹扩展裂尖场从阶段Ⅰ演化到阶段Ⅱ,氢化物沉淀区域的实际尺寸减小并偏离平台水平,裂尖场附近的力学响应基本和金属中不充有氢的工况一致,此时裂尖场强烈依赖于远离裂尖场的氢浓度.     

神经毒剂沙林的破坏机理研究

采用VAMP和密度泛函程序DMol3计算了沙林的生成热,并用VAMP-PM3/UHF半经验方法对沙林裂解的过渡态进行了优化计算,共发现9种过渡态,据此判断化学键断裂的难易顺序为P=O＞P-F＞P-O＞C-O＞P-C＞C-C＞C-H; C-H键断裂的活化能最小,可能与氢原子迁移到氧原子上有关.活化能小于相应的键解离能,计算结果能解释沙林的质谱数据.计算结果对使用低当量小型核武器破坏沙林等生化武器(核除剂)的可行性提供了能量上的参考,即试图通过计算得出有效的原位破坏沙林等生化战剂所需的最低能量,进而研究使用低当量小型核武器破坏沙林等生化武器的可行性.