新农村建设中的农业面源污染现状、问题及对策分析

分析了农业面源污染现状，从认识上、技术上、投入不足、生产生活方式等方面分析了农业面源污染成因，并提出了对策。     

土壤重金属镉标准值差异比较研究与建议

伴随我国工农业生产的快速发展,土壤污染物超标等问题逐年加剧,由土壤镉污染导致水稻出现"镉米"等食品安全事件频发,引起社会对土壤镉环境标准的广泛关注.建立土壤环境标准是开展土壤环境质量现状评价的基础,世界各国虽皆以镉对动植物和人体健康影响的最大允许值作为定值的基础依据,但定值方法、标准应用目标各有侧重,因而标准限值差异较大.通过对国内外土壤重金属镉标准限值和我国土壤镉背景值的研究,给出了全国各省级行政区域土壤表层镉背景含量范围值和部分土壤类型镉背景含量范围值;报告了我国现行土壤镉环境质量标准存在的突出问题,提出土壤环境质量标准中应设置土壤镉梯度标准限值、有效态与总量标准限值并存以及严格区分人为污染与高背景等建议.     

接种物种类对玉米秸秆沼气干发酵过程的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,分别以液态牛粪沼气发酵的剩余物及玉米秸秆沼气干发酵的沼渣为接种物进行沼气干发酵试验.秸秆与接种物之比(F/I,基于可挥发性固形物VS)分别为1、3、5,研究了接种物种类和接种量对沼气干发酵过程的启动速度、累积产气量以及微生物菌群结构变化等的影响.试验结果表明:接种液态牛粪沼气发酵剩余物的发酵罐的启动速度及累积产气量均明显优于以玉米秸秆沼气干发酵沼渣为接种物的发酵罐.以液态牛粪沼气的沼渣做接种物时,接种量F/I=1、3、5时的总产气量差异不显著(p0.05);用秸秆干发酵沼渣做接种物时,F/I=1的发酵罐能正常启动,但累积产气量为66.9 L·kg-1(以VS计),比接种液态牛粪沼气发酵剩余物的发酵罐低26%.而F/I=3和5的发酵罐则由于过度酸化而导致发酵失败.     

Characterization and reactivity of biogenic manganese oxides for ciprofloxacin oxidation

Biogenic manganese oxides （BioMnOx） were synthesized by the oxidation of Mn（II） with Mn- oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. G7 under different initial pH values and Mn（II） dosages, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The crystal structure and Mn oxidation states of BioMnOx depended on the initial pH and Mn（lI） dosages of the medium. The superoxide radical （O2） was observed in Mn-containing （III/IV） BioMnOx suspensions by electron spin resonance measurements. BioMnOx（0.4）-7, with mixed valence of Mn（II/III/IV） and the strongest O~- signals, was prepared in the initial pH 7 and Mn（II） dosage of 0.4 mmol/L condition, and exhibited the highest activity for ciproftoxacin degradation and no Mn（II） release. During the degradation of ciprofloxacin, the oxidation of the Mn（II） formed came from biotic and abiotic reactions in BioMnOx suspensions on the basis of the Mn（II） release and O2- formation from different BioMnOx. The degradation process of ciprofloxacin was shown to involve the cleavage of the hexatomic ring having a secondary amine and carbon-carbon double bond connected to a carboxyl group, producing several compounds containing amine groups as well as small organic acids.     

重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制分析及对策研究

通过对重庆市2008年-2012年连续5年大宗一般工业固体废物的产生、利用和处置现状进行统计分析,指出了重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制中存在的问题.针对重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物产生特征、综合利用现状以及环境管理需求,从推动企业清洁生产审核、开展工业共生项目、综合整治现存污染源、强化环境管理等方面,提出大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制对策和建议,为重庆市工业固体废物的全过程环境管理提供参考.     

5083铝合金电化学性能影响因素研究

采用动电位扫描及循环伏安试验方法,研究了工作电极表面状态、Cl浓度、pH值等因素对5083铝合金在质量分数为3．5％的NaCl溶液中电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明,试样表面进行抛光后,点蚀电位变正,点蚀保护电位正移。随着Cl-浓度的降低,点蚀电位磊明显正移;当Cl-浓度超过1％（质量分数）后,Cl-浓度对鼠的影响则不明显。溶液的pH值及其它阴离子的添加均会对5083铝合金点蚀电位及保护电位产生影响。     

河南省入境旅游市场时空演变规律研究

在分析河南省入境旅游市场发展现状的基础上,应用地理集中指数、亲景度和竞争态三种市场指标体系和EXCEL统计软件对河南入境旅游客源市场进行分析,揭示了河南入境旅游市场时空演替规律.据此划分河南入境旅游的重点市场、主要市场、潜在市场和机会市场,并提出了进一步拓展河南入境旅游客源市场的几点建议.     

基于脑电信号的驾驶员情绪状态识别研究

为研究驾驶员情绪状态识别技术,利用特定题材的影音氛围诱发兴奋和悲伤2种情绪,结合汽车模拟驾驶试验采集驾驶员情绪化驾驶时的脑电信号,利用db5小波分解算法分解信号,提取受情绪状态显著的脑电信号成分,并计算相应的功率谱。结果表明:驾驶员左右额叶区脑电β波受情绪状态影响显著;平静状态时,驾驶员左右额叶脑电β波功率值Pβ大小近似,数值较小;兴奋状态时,左右额叶脑电Pβ大小近似,相比于平静时显著增加;悲伤状态时,左额叶脑电Pβ显著增加,右额叶脑电Pβ相比于平静时无显著变化。Pβ可作为区分驾驶员平静(平常)、兴奋和悲伤这3种情绪状态的依据。     

The variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes

Taking 29 Chinese lakes and 29 Italian lakes as two separate case studies, the paper presented the variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes. The exergies (Ex) and structural exergies (Exst) were calculated based on phytoplankton biomass (BA) and zooplankton biomass (BZ). A trophic state index (TSI) scaling from 0 to 100 was developed to classify trophic status for Chinese and Italian lakes based on three indicators, chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a, in mg/m³), total phosphorus (TP in mg/m³) and transparency in Secchi disk depth (SD in m). The relationships between TSI and Ex, Exst, total biomass, BZ/BA ratios were analyzed. The following results were obtained: (1) with the increase of TSI in Chinese and Italian lakes, there is an increasing trend for Ex, and a decreasing trend for Exst, generally. The obvious negative correlations exist between TSI and Exst, at the significant level of 0.01 for Italian lakes, and 0.05 for Chinese lakes. The obvious positive correlations exist between TSI and Ex, at the significant level of 0.01 for Chinese lakes, and for Italian lakes in Spring, Autumn and the all-year. (2) The structural exergy is more dependent on the ratio of phytoplankton biomass to zooplankton biomass (BZ/BA) than the exergy, and the exergy is more dependent on total biomass than the structural exergy. (3) The phytoplankton biomass (BA) and zooplankton biomass (BZ) are increased with the increasing TSI in Chinese and Italian lakes, and phytoplankton biomass (BA) increases more rapidly then zooplankton biomass (BZ) does. This results in the definite decrease of BZ/BA ratio with the increasing trophic status index. Such changes of BA, BZ and BZ/BA ratio could explain successfully the variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes. From the two separate case studies of Chinese lakes and Italian lakes, it could be concluded that exergy and structural exergy are feasible to serve as the system-level ecological indicators to give appropriate information on the trophic status of different lakes.