CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment1

ABSTRACT: Variation among Carlson's three TSI values is unsettling to both the public and the scientific communities. Currently, there is no systematic way to account for differences in the three TSI values. Either (or both) of two mechanisms are proposed to account for differing TSI values on a regional basis. The first mechanism simply transforms the Secchi disk and phosphorus information to conform to their respective regional relationship with chlorophyll. The second mechanism uses the three TSI values to identify modifying processes in a lake and may indicate which TSI value (or combination of values) best reflects a lake's trophic condition. The format that is being proposed using information collected from 60 lakes in the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area can be applied to other regional situations.     

重量法和冷凝法测量烟气含湿量计算公式的改进

本文对现有文献中用重量法和冷凝法测量烟气含湿量的计算公式进行了改进，使改进后的公式更准确、适用。     

山仔水库叶绿素a与环境因子的相关分析及富营养化评价

依据2003年3～11月对山仔水库的逐月调查和监测数据,分析叶绿素a含量的时空分布情况，探讨叶绿素a与相关环境因子的关系,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数对山仔水库水质进行分析评价。结果表明，山仔水库除了3、10、11月份处于中营养状态,其余月份都处于富营养化状态。叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征。日溪进口和山仔水库坝前的叶绿素a含量较高;初夏和秋末出现高峰，叶绿素a含量分别高达211 mg/m^3和93mg/m^3。多元统计分析表明，与山仔水库叶绿素a含量显著相关的因子是水温和溶解氧。生物因子评价表明，山仔水库浮游藻类的种类和数量都达到了富营养化水平。     

土壤中有效态重金属的化学试剂提取法研究进展

土壤重金属污染是国内外关注的热点问题，针对采用全量重金属评价土壤污染存在的问题，本文综述了近年来土壤有效态重金属的化学提取方法研究进展，比较分析了各种单一提取法和影响土壤重金属提取率的因素。在此基础上，评价了各类提取方法的特点及其在应用上的优势和局限，指出了筛选通用提取剂的原则和依据。结合实验初步提出以去离子水作为通用提取剂的可行性及尚需研究解决的问题。     

南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

时变温度环境下锂离子电池自适应SOC估计方法

目的针对低温环境下锂离子电池特性显著变化问题,为大规模锂离子电池组在极地科考船混合动力系统上的应用提供理论依据,方法对10 Ah高功率三元镍钴锰酸锂电池低温特性展开实验研究,结合实验数据,利用基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法(FFRLS)分别与两种改进的卡尔曼滤波算法(AEKF、UKF)组成的串联观测器在线估计电池荷电状态(SOC)。结果在25～-30℃时变温度环境的改进DST工况下,FFRLS-AEKF算法的SOC估计精度略高于FFRLS-UKF算法,其最大估计误差为3.04%,均方根误差为0.69%。结论相比EKF与RLS-EKF算法,更好的模型参数与噪声信息的自适应性使FFRLS-AEKF算方法有更高的SOC估计精度与收敛性。     

中国新时代自然资源治理体系的理论构想

基于生态文明、高质量发展和国家治理新时代的战略需求,以及国内外自然资源治理发展趋势,对中国新时代自然资源治理的指导思想、基本理念、理论体系、基本原则和目标体系等进行系统解析,对包括调查勘查评估、统计监测核算、开发利用治理、保护修复治理、保障储备治理、市场交易治理、安全预警治理和国际合作治理等在内的中国新时代自然资源治理框架体系进行系统刻画,对包括公平正义制度、资产产权制度、节约集约制度、有偿使用制度、保护修复制度、市场交易制度、统计核算制度、多元储备制度、国际合作制度和治理监督制度在内的中国特色自然资源治理制度体系进行系统解构。研究结论与观点对于提高中国自然资源治理体系与能力现代化建设水平具有重要参考价值。     

北京市远郊冬季铵盐颗粒物的单颗粒质谱研究

2016年冬季使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）于在北京市平谷区西柏店村进行大气颗粒物的在线观测.以m/z18[NH₄]⁺为特征离子提取含铵盐颗粒物,分析其时间变化特征、粒径分布、化学组分、混合状态和可能来源.含铵盐颗粒物约占观测期间所有颗粒物的31%,分为NH₄-OC（49.9%）,NH₄-EC（5.6%）,NH₄-ECOC（8.9%）,NH₄-HOC（1.4%）,NH₄-K（9.3%）,NH₄-NaK（21.7%）和NH₄-FeK（2.5%）7种主要类别.铵盐主要以硫酸铵、硫酸氢铵和硝酸铵的形态存在,且更易于和含碳类物质发生内混.煤炭和生物质燃烧是铵盐颗粒物的主要来源.后向轨迹分析表明,清洁期气团主要来自采样点北方和西北方的长距离传输,灰霾期气团主要来自西北向的区域传输.潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）表明含铵盐颗粒物主要来自本地和周边区域的排放,以及西北方向的长距离传输.