塔式起重机安全性研究与展望

塔式起重机作为建筑施工的重要象征与主要运输机械，在建筑业得到了广泛应用；它的工作特点是，根据建筑需要将物品在很大空间内升降和搬运，属危险作业，因此，如果在塔式起重机的设计，制造、安装、使用和维修等环节上略有疏忽，就可能造成人员伤亡和设备事故，在实际工作中，如何提高塔式起重机的本质安全，如何合理地使用和管理好塔式起重机，让塔式起重机更好地发挥作用，是建筑业亟待解决的难题之一，本简述了塔式起重机的发展历史，分析了塔式起重机的安全现状，提出了塔式起重机安全问题的对策，展望了塔式起重机安全性技术的发展趋势。     

Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.     

Roles of State Strategy of Adaptation to Climate Change in China

For the adverse impacts of climate change, China government should place the problem of adaptation to climate change on the agenda. It is time to institute and implement a state adaptive strategy to reduce the adverse impacts on economy, community and people＇s health and life by international cooperation and our own endeavor. A state strategy of adaptation to climate change should be closely linked with other current interrelated national strategies, and they should be supplemented and improved by each other. This paper discusses the roles of the state strategy of adaptation to climate change in the state climate change integrative strategy, the environmental protection strategy, and the sustainable development strategy in China. Furthermore, it proposes the main aims of the state adaptive strategy of China.     

Experience in mapping the ecological state of the plant cover

Objectives and methods of mapping the ecological state of the plant cover at different spatial levels—federal, regional, and local—are analyzed. The maps used as examples are as follows: at the federal level, “Ecological State of Rangelands in Russia” (1:10 000 000); at the regional level, “Vegetation of Moscow Oblast” (1:200 000); and at the local level, “Vegetation of Narofominskii Raion” and “Current State of the Plant Cover in Narofominskii Raion” (1:50 000).     

深圳大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物粒径分布特征

建立了雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪(ACSM)联用的分析方法,实现了对2013年春季深圳MOUDI多级采样膜(0.056~18μm)中WSOM与无机离子组分的同时测定.结果表明:所测得的水溶性颗粒物总质量浓度变化范围为(17.4±2.1)μg/m3,其中有机物和硫酸盐是最主要的两种化学组分;粗、细粒子中的WSOM主要以二次来源为主,且大部分粗粒子中的WSOM可能来源于非均相反应;不同粒径范围WSOM的氧化态(以O/C计)估计值在0.46~1.4范围内,平均为0.96,对应的有机物/有机碳比(OM/OC)估计值在1.8~2.9范围内,平均为2.4,粗粒子中WSOM的O/C比细粒子更高,暗示粗粒子中WSOM可能经历了更多的老化过程.     

梁塘河浮游动物的空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

为研究重污染河流浮游动物分布及其与环境因子的关系,于2013年6—8月系统调查了梁塘河的水生态环境,分析浮游甲壳动物的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性. 结果表明:梁塘河各采样点的营养状态指数均大于70,水体为超富营养状态. 共鉴定出浮游甲壳动物23种,其中枝角类13属15种,桡足类8属8种,枝角类生物量占浮游甲壳动物总生物量的53.17%,桡足类生物量占46.83%,主要优势种为短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti). 根据主成分分析结果,梁塘河可分为3类河段,其中ρ(NH₄+-N)较高的河段内微型裸腹溞占绝对优势,其生物量达到0.46 mg/L;ρ(Chla)较高的河段内短尾秀体溞占绝对优势,其生物量达到0.30 mg/L. 浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与透明度、ρ(Chla)均呈显著负相关,回归方程分别为y=-3.3x+4.22和y=-0.015x+4.20. 研究显示,ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(Chla)和浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数可以作为水质评价的重要指标.      

九里山井田断层构造区应力分析及区域划分

利用空心包体应力解除法对九里山矿进行地应力现场实测,得到不同位置和埋深的地应力实测数据,分析结果验证九里山矿地壳浅部以水平构造应力为主。以九里山井田区域内断层构造为骨架,建立三维有限差分地质模型。根据现场地应力测量结果,利用Flac3D软件进行数值模拟,模拟结果显示,断层存在会对原岩应力造成不同程度的扰动,造成原岩应力分布不均。在以上分析的基础上划分出井田应力增高区,应力降低区及应力梯度区     

基于高斯过程机器学习算法的矿柱稳定性分析

矿柱是地下矿山支撑顶板围岩、维持采场稳定的关键结构要素。为迅速准确地判别矿柱稳定性,选取矿柱宽度、矿柱高度、矿柱宽高比、矿岩单轴抗压强度和矿柱承受载荷作为影响指标,利用高斯过程机器学习算法建立矿柱状态与其主要影响因素之间的非线性映射关系,进而提出一种基于高斯过程二元分类(GPC)的矿柱状态识别模型。结合工程实例,以40组样本数据进行训练,以10组样本数据对该模型进行检验,并与ANN和SVM进行对比。结果表明,矿柱状态识别的高斯过程模型是科学可行的,该模型具有参数自适应化获取、分类精度高、计算复杂度低等优点,还可对矿柱状态判别结果的不确定性或可信度进行定量化评价。     

多维地震作用下偏心结构动力反应的Simulink仿真分析

理论研究与震害经验表明,地震时结构会产生不可忽略的平动与扭转耦合的空间振动,因此,对结构进行平—扭耦联反应分析具有重要意义。本文首先建立多维地震动作用下偏心结构的空间力学模型和动力方程,并编制相应的MAT LAB程序,然后将动力方程所代表的动力学系统用控制理论中的状态空间法予以描述,根据其状态方程在SIMULINK环境下建立仿真分析模型,从而求解动力方程。对一双向水平地震作用下的6层偏心框架结构进行平—扭耦联反应数值仿真分析,得出了一些有益的结论。