洪湖水生生物多样性及水质评价研究

2012年8月-12月对洪湖进行了3次水质及水生生物现状调查,共发现浮游植物8门70属108种,8月、10月、12月分别以蓝藻门的微囊藻、硅藻门的颗粒直链藻、金藻门的锥囊藻为主要优势种;浮游动物75种,以长额象鼻溞和多刺秀体溞为主要优势种;底栖动物18种.根据Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价方法,洪湖浮游植物生物多样性指数均值为2.72,水质为中度污染状态.根据综合营养状态指数评价方法,洪湖水体综合营养状态指数均值为45.9,洪湖水质总体呈中营养状态.     

城市垃圾分类的协同管理模式研究

通过对N市城市垃圾分类实践工作的梳理分析,构建了国家行动者与作为参与主体的居民之间协同管理的行动逻辑与运行模式:自上而下+自下而上的双向行动.一方面,国家行动者通过诱导性和强制性机制,增强居民参与到垃圾分类中的积极性;另一方面,社会参与者在接受国家政府指导的基础上,建立了社会力量主导的垃圾分类自治空间,发挥了"自下而上"的建构性作用.在中国迫切需要开展垃圾分类的背景下,该种运行模式将有助于城市垃圾分类工作的推进以及环境改善.     

考虑抢行行为的恐慌状态人员疏散研究*

为研究恐慌状态下人员抢行行为对整体疏散效果的影响,建立考虑抢行行为的恐慌状态人员疏散元胞自动机模型,基于恐慌情绪算法将人员分为恐慌者和非恐慌者,通过改变恐慌者抢行概率体现抢行行为,并模拟仿真分析初始人员密度、恐慌情绪转化、抢行概率对人员疏散影响,对疏散过程中特殊现象进行分析。研究结果表明:人员密度适中时,抢行行为能够减少恐慌者数量,加快恐慌者转换进程,疏散时间随抢行概率增加而减小,疏散过程中存在恐慌聚集和两端疏散现象。研究结果可为突发事件下人员紧急疏散提供理论支持。     

中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷的区划

为了解中国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态法研究中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷区划.结果表明,中国地表水硫沉降临界负荷呈较明显的地带分布.其中,大兴安岭北端水体的硫沉降临界负荷最低,大部分小于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,东北北部部分水体和秦岭-淮河以南大部分地区水体的硫沉降临界负荷介于2～10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1之间,其余地区水体硫沉降临界负荷普遍大于10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1.地表水酸度临界负荷的地区分布和数值大小类似于硫沉降临界负荷由于中国地表水酸度临界负荷普遍大于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,因此大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感,近期内不易酸化.     

基于风险熵的化工园区事故风险突变模型研究

为准确判断化工园区事故风险演化进程,基于风险熵理论分析化工园区系统风险状态,从影响园区系统风险熵的不同因素出发,根据化工园区公共区域和企业端的各自特点建立风险熵指标;利用尖点突变理论,用矩阵表征多参数多时刻的风险熵增和熵减值,建立化工园区熵增、熵减计算模型;根据计算结果判断事故风险状态。将所提出的方法应用于某化工园区,结果表明:在该园区某危化品储存企业丁二烯泄漏情况下园区系统风险熵发生突变,由泄漏引发二次事故的风险骤升,需要采取相应安全措施。分析结果与实际情况相符合。     

极端干湿循环作用下饱和泥浆红黏土的干缩裂隙发育特征

云贵高原红黏土常经历极端干湿循环过程,为研究极端干湿循环作用对红黏土干缩裂隙发育规律的影响,以昆明呈贡地区红黏土饱和泥浆样为研究对象,在室内进行5次干湿循环试验,通过监测红黏土质量和表面干缩裂隙的形成及其演化过程,分析了极端干湿循环作用对红黏土水分蒸发、干缩裂隙的形成及其演化、表面干缩裂隙网络结构形态的影响.结果 表明...     

湖泊富营养化状态的地面高光谱遥感评价

分别于2004-06和2004-08在太湖的21个固定监测站点进行原位水质取样分析和波谱实测,进而利用地面实测高光谱数据评价太湖水体富营养化状态.水体富营养化程度的评价指标为营养状态指数(TSI).首先,根据太湖水体固有光学特性,用分析模型的方法建立水体反射率模拟模型,进而用求解优化函数的方法,利用Matlab软件反演叶绿素a浓度;其次,利用反演的叶绿素a浓度,计算采样点位的营养状态指数,并利用ArcView软件进行插值,制作太湖富营养状态评价图.结果表明,2004-06和2004-08太湖富营养化程度差     

应用稳态酸化模型计算酸沉降临界负荷

应用稳定状态土壤化学模型ＰＲＯＦＩＬＥ计算了柳州薄层砂页岩红壤和地表水的酸沉降临界负荷。对模型所需参数,建立了系统完整的收集、测量与计算方法,得到柳州地区针叶林植被区域由湿沉降计算总沉降的经验公式。     

Analysis for Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols Application of X-ray Microprobe System and Double Thin Film Method

The X-ray microprobe system was applied to ultra trace characterization of single Kosa aerosols and non-Kosa aerosols simultaneously collected at Yasaka, Japan and TaeAnn, Korea. We demonstrated remarkable mass increase of heavy metals as well as soil components in individual particles during the Kosa event compared with the non-Kosa period at Yasaka. Backward trajectory analysis suggested that the Kosa samples were in the mixing state of mineral components and anthropogenic heavy elements. Double thin film method was applied to investigate the seasonal change of the mixing states of single sea-salt aerosols associated with chlorine loss due to the heterogeneous reactions between sea-salt particles and acidic gases. It was revealed that the percentages of both chloride-nitrate mixed particles and sulfate-nitrate ones were larger in wintertime than those in summertime and fraction of chloride-nitrate mixed particles increased with an increase of particle size. Comparison between the size-segregated bulk analysis and the single particle analysis demonstrated that remarkable chloride depletion occurred in coarse particles sampled on May in the former analysis, while chloride depletion in coarse particles was not marked in the latter analysis. The discrepancy attributes to the difference of the sampling time between both analyses because significant change of air mass route occurred during the bulk sampling after completion of the single particle sampling.     

Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats (wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i. e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments),biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration(filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.