冶炼厂粗铅生产线废气治理技术研究

文章从治理工艺、主要设备、设计指标、工程运行监测结果及经济指标等方面,介绍了某冶炼厂采用除尘、SO2烟气制酸及脱硫工艺治理烧结机-鼓风炉粗铅生产线产生的废气,从实际监测结果可知该工程运行稳定,废气中的各项污染物排放浓度均符合排放标准的要求,处理效果分别达到《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB9078-1996)二级标准和《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)周界外废气无组织排放限值的要求.     

天津市环境空气SO2污染现状及分析

天津环境空气SO2的年均浓度始终超过国家二级标准.年均浓度超标主要因为采暖期SO2浓度过高所至,采暖期SO2平均浓度是非采暖期浓度的3倍左右;在2002-2005年的三个采暖期里,SO2污染逐年加重,导致了年均SO2浓度的逐年升高.天津SO2污染与采暖期增多的低烟囱排放、不利的气象条件有关,也与流动源的隐性排放、能源利用效率低下有关.结合天津经济发展速度、每年煤耗增量、现有环境治理手段来做预测,空气SO2浓度要在未来几年内达到国家二级标准仍是不可能的.     

草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制——以滇池大型围隔试验为例

为探究湖泊水体生态修复工程中草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制,利用滇池草海建立的大型原位试验围隔,采用非参数突变点分析法（nCPA）及临界指示物种分析法（TITAN）,探究了叶绿素a、浊度、透明度和浮游植物的营养盐阈值.结果表明,草型清水态维持与长效运行较为成功的围隔,其藻类的叶绿素a含量虽然明显较低,但在夏季时蓝藻门仍占绝对优势.原位生态围隔叶绿素a响应TN的阈值为1.423mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.水体透明度响应TN的阈值为1.684mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.各围隔总磷含量的平均值均大于或等于0.226mg/L,B1、B3、B8围隔后期处于清水态,其TN平均值都低于或等于1.42mg/L,B5、A1、A2、A3、A4围隔后期处于浊水态,其TN平均值都高于或等于1.78mg/L.这表明在滇池水华重灾区实施水体生态修复工程时,应首要考虑TN的影响,在TP含量严重超出阈值的情况下,如果TN处于一个较低水平,也能维持湖泊水体草型清水态的长效运行,并实现湖泊水体由藻型浊水态向草型清水态的转换.     

高温高压高含CO2环境下两种氟橡胶密封可靠性评价

目的 研究两种氟橡胶O型圈在总压为25 MPa,CO2体积分数为5%,温度为120 ℃,液相介质Cl^?质量浓度为7000 mg/L的高温高压高含CO2工况下的密封可靠性。方法 通过高温高压釜模拟井下实际工况,采用自研橡胶O型圈密封装置实现试样的承压状态,以物理性能、腐蚀形貌和抗渗透性能为考察指标,对两种氟橡胶O型圈的耐蚀性能和密封性能进行测试评价。结果 氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由18.1 MPa下降为13.4 MPa,拉断伸长率由172.8%下降为151.9%。AFLAS橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由21 MPa下降为14.6 MPa,拉断伸长率由277%下降为212.3%,硬度从84HA下降为75.5HA,表面破损严重。两种橡胶O型圈抗渗透性能随压差增大、温度上升而减弱。结论 承压状态下,两种橡胶O型圈性能衰减程度低于自由状态,氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下表现出更好的密封可靠性。     

非稳态条件下人工湿地水流规律及其对水力停留时间的影响

由于降水的随机性,处理农业或城市径流的人工湿地通常在进水水量波动的非稳态条件下工作.为研究在非稳态条件下人工湿地的水流规律,在基于时间轴的多点示踪剂试验的基础上,利用RTD(水力停留时间分布)探讨了单峰和双峰两种水力冲击非稳态条件下水平潜流人工湿地中的水流规律.结果表明,非稳态过程的水量变化对不同时刻流入人工湿地的液体的RTD影响明显.用基于出水流量的非线性无量纲时间变量(φ)对原始RTD进行归一化处理,所得的RTD浓度曲线[C'(φ)]在整个非稳态过程中相对稳定,具有相似的倾斜度、峰值时间(单峰冲击下为0.83~1.00,双峰冲击下为0.87~1.08)、重心位置(单峰冲击下为1.08~1.25,双峰冲击下为1.05~1.25)及相关统计学参数,表现出一种独立于流量变化之外的相对稳定的特征水流规律.与稳态基流量下的t_mean(平均停留时间)相比,水力冲击使人工湿地t_mean呈冲击前持续缩短、冲击后又快速回升的趋势(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为30和32 h);而t_mean'(归一化平均停留时间)在非稳态过程中却相对稳定(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为0.15和0.20),适合作为非稳态下表征人工湿地水流规律和停留时间的特征参数.研究显示,归一化RTD易于模拟,可用其描述非稳态下人工湿地的水流规律以及水流规律对污染物接触反应时间的影响.      

Oxidation state specific analysis of arsenic species in tissues of wild-type and arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase-knockout mice

Arsenic methyltransferase(As3mt) catalyzes the conversion of inorganic arsenic(i As) to its methylated metabolites, including toxic methylarsonite(MAs~Ⅲ) and dimethylarsinite(DMAs~Ⅲ). Knockout(KO) of As3 mt was shown to reduce the capacity to methylate i As in mice. However, no data are available on the oxidation states of As species in tissues of these mice. Here, we compare the oxidation states of As species in tissues of male C57BL/6 As3mt-KO and wild-type(WT) mice exposed to arsenite(iA s~Ⅲ) in drinking water. WT mice were exposed to50 mg/L As and As3mt-KO mice that cannot tolerate 50 mg/L As were exposed to 0, 15, 20, 25 or30 mg/L As. iA s~Ⅲaccounted for 53% to 74% of total As in liver, pancreas, adipose, lung, heart, and kidney of As3mt-KO mice; tri- and pentavalent methylated arsenicals did not exceed 10% of total As. Tissues of WT mice retained iA s and methylated arsenicals: iA s~Ⅲ, MAs~Ⅲand DMAs~Ⅲ represented 55%‐68% of the total As in the liver, pancreas, and brain. High levels of methylated species, particularly MAs~Ⅲ, were found in the intestine of WT, but not As3mt-KO mice,suggesting that intestinal bacteria are not a major source of methylated As. Blood of WT mice contained significantly higher levels of As than blood of As3mt-KO mice. This study is the first to determine oxidation states of As species in tissues of As3mt-KO mice. Results will help to design studies using WT and As3mt-KO mice to examine the role of iA s methylation in adverse effects of iA s exposure.     

基于无线通讯技术的起重机抬吊同步控制系统改进

本文介绍了基于无线工业以太网通讯的可编程同步检测系统结构和设计方法、同步功能的检测原理及实现方法、调试和操作方法。通过在控制系统中加入信号反馈,将两台起重机的控制执行器信号和末端机械传动的差异值进行反馈跟踪,组成具有反馈功能的抬吊控制系统,在监測到执行器异步或末端传动异步现象时及时控制两车同步停止,从而避免吊物坠落等吊运事故的发生。     

Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo,Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities

Challenges in implementing water planning and management are common, and the effective implementation of integrated water policies is yet to occur. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo enacted a Water Act in 1991 to ensure water availability for current and future generations based on the principles of decentralization, participation and integration. This research addresses water policy implementation issues by conducting an exploratory case study in the state of São Paulo. Factors affecting the water policy implementation process were analyzed, together with some water resources management practices. The findings indicate four dimensions of key challenges: institutional and governance, political, financial and technical. The stakeholders believe the political and the institutional and governance challenges are more important than the technical and financial ones. Additionally, the results show different levels of involvement in the areas of water policy strategy, the planning and decision-making process, and implementation by the different stakeholders groups. Stakeholders external to the water sector and from local government were considered to be less involved in water-related issues, when compared with stakeholders from the water sector. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements in order to influence decisions and investments in different levels and sectors.     

Effects of Dram Shop,Responsible Beverage Service Training,and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws—dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales—have had an impact on underage drinking and driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios.

Methods: Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of.08 and.10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption.

Results: Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β =.019, p =.018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effect: β =.048, p =.001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p <.001, partial η² =.016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340).

Conclusions: Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the laws. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved.     

基于ArcGIS的校园景观水体水质特征研究与评价

为了解校园景观水体的水质污染特征及规律,结合富营养化常规监测指标,运用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法、综合营养状态指数法及基于Arc GIS的空间叠加分析法对重庆某大学校园景观水体(静湖)冬季枯水期的水质状况进行了分析与评价。结果表明,叶绿素a和高锰酸钾指数超标点位为83%和17%;而总氮和总磷能满足地表水环境质量标准中的Ⅳ类与Ⅴ类;叶绿素a与总氮、总磷存在一定的线性关系,且各因子对富营养化的贡献大小为叶绿素a总磷透明度、高锰酸钾指数总氮;该人工湖冬季枯水期综合水质已呈现中度富营养化状态,水质有待改善。