云南荞麦地流域地下水水化学特征及物质来源分析

为研究荞麦地流域地下水的水化学特征及物质来源,2017年7月在研究区共采集地下水的水样32个,综合运用聚类分析、因子分析和路径模型分析等方法,分析了荞麦地流域地下水水化学特征,并定性和定量探讨了荞麦地流域地下水水化学的物质来源.结果表明,研究区内水体整体呈弱碱性,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-和N_3O~-等主要阴阳离子具有较高的空间变异性.通过聚类分析可知,研究区内地下水可分为两大类:A类和B类,分别具有两个子集:A_1、A_2、B_1和B_2,并且从A类地下水到B类地下水化学类型开始变得复杂,A类地下水水化学类型均为HCO_3-Ca型,B_1类地下水和B_2类地下水分别有HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3-Na·Ca型、HCO_3-Na·Ca·Mg型和HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3-Na·Ca型各3类.为进一步探讨地下水水化学的影响因素,通过因子分析和路径模型分析可确定碳酸盐岩、人类活动、蒸发岩和硅酸盐岩是地下水的主要物质来源.其中人类活动的作用和MgSO_4型蒸发岩的溶解,是形成以碳酸盐岩为地下水化学组分的主要来源,同时具有多元地下水水化学特征的重要原因.     

Aerosol concentration and particle size distributions in underground excavations of a hard coal mine

Deposition of aerosols in the respiratory system depends inter alia on their size and the respiratory tract deposition is appreciable for nanometer-sized particles. This article presents the results of measurements of size distributions of aerosols in the range of several nanometers up to about 20?μm in the underground mine excavations of an active hard coal mine. The study included practically all particles of a respirable fraction. The results showed that a high concentration of fine and ultrafine aerosols occurs in key underground workplaces especially during mining machine operations, although their contribution to total mass concentration is usually negligible.     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

USE OF TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN HYDROGRAPH ESTIMATION1

ABSTRACT: Discharge hydrographs computed from the theory of linear flow through topologically random channel networks are compared to actual discharge hydrographs for basins in semiarid regions of central Wyoming. The basins drained by the channel networks range in size from 0.69 to 10.8 square miles. Topological information consisting of stream-network magnitude and link -length distribution parameters are used in calibrating celerity values that ensure that the peak discharge and excess rainfall volume of the resulting computed hydrographs match the peak discharge and excess-rainfall volume of the actual hydrographs. Results indicate that, for a given peak discharge and excess-rainfall volume in a basin, the sensitivity of the calibrated celerity values to excess-rainfall duration is small if the ratio of excess-rainfall volume to peak discharge is at least 1.75 times the excess-rainfall duration.     

Establishment of permit limits for mill effluent

Various governmental regulatory agencies are responsible for establishing regulations on the discharge of chlorinated organic compounds from pulp and paper mills. The procedures for setting permit limits are the basic topic of this article. Different methods of determining permit limits are set forth and discussed in a number of references, including documents of the Environmental Protection Agency. This paper discusses in detail the application of one particular methodology—the lognormal model approach. In this paper we utilize a real data set and include the necessary calculations required to set up permit limits. The basic tenets of the permit process are such that if limits are set too low, operators who are in full regulatory compliance will still be frequently cited, and if limits are set too high, operators who are not in compliance will seldom if ever be cited. Thus there is a great need for these effluent limits to be determined with great care, both to protect the environment receiving the wastewater and the industry producing the wastewater.     

2007年5-6月国内安全事故统计分析

统计了2007年5-6月国内发生的各种安全事故429起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,其他事故最多,占41.26%,其次是交通事故(36.83%)、矿业事故(12.82%)、爆炸事故(5.13%)、毒物泄露和中毒(2.10%)、火灾(1.86%).429起事故共死亡1 213人,伤1 128人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故49.46%、其他事故22.92%、矿业事故18.38%、爆炸事故4.20%、火灾3.38%、泄露中毒1.65%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故58.16%、爆炸事故17.55%、矿业事故9.93%、其他事故7.18%、泄露中毒5.59%、火灾1.60%.     

2007年7-8月国内安全事故统计分析

统计了2007年7-8月国内发生的各种安全事故496起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,其他事故最多,占39.31%,其次是交通事故(36.29%)、矿业事故(13.91%)、毒物泄露和中毒(5.04%)、爆炸事故(3.83%)、火灾(1.61%).496起事故共死亡1 518人,伤1 143人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故47.04%、其他事故23.39%、矿业事故18.05%、爆炸事故5.60%、泄露中毒4.41%、火灾1.52%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故57.39%、其他事故17.94%、矿业事故9.71%、泄露中毒8.40%、爆炸事故5.51%、火灾1.05%.     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

土壤铜镉的植物可利用性评估模型

文章选择12种土类共57个不同土体为研究对象,分析了土壤的基本理化性质(pH、有机质、速效磷、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量)和土壤中铜、镉全量.利用SPSS13.0统计软件预测了土壤铜、镉的植物可利用性与土壤理化性质的相关模型,发现土壤中镉的植物可利用态含量与土壤中全镉、有机质、速效磷和阳离子代换量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相...     

多元统计与铅同位素示踪解析旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属来源

用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了厦门市旱地2个垂直剖面土壤中26种重金属元素的含量,研究了剖面土壤中重金属元素的分布特征,环境风险及污染来源.综合内梅罗综合污染指数法,地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果,Cd为厦门市旱地土壤的主要污染因子;土壤重金属污染严重的为50~60 cm深度.多元统计分析结果表明,重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动与自然源,其中主要污染因子Cd来自于农业生产的影响.对垂直剖面土壤的酸可溶相铅同位素组成与厦门市潜在污染源的铅同位素进行对比分析.结果表明,厦门市旱地土壤中,铅主要来源于污泥和土壤母质层.根据剖面土壤在~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb-~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb图中的分布特征,利用铅同位素二元混合模型计算出P180剖面和P181剖面母质层的贡献率的平均值分别为54.36%和42.88%,污泥的贡献率平均值分别为45.64%和57.12%,表明旱地剖面土壤中铅主要来源为母质层和城市污泥,与多元统计分析结果相一致.