基于改进的YOLOv4安全帽佩戴检测研究

为了加强建筑工人佩戴安全帽情况的检测,防止安全事故的发生,提出1种改进的轻量级YOLOv4安全帽佩戴检测算法,用于运行在移动设备端,降低现场部署的条件;制作1个8000幅图像的数据集,用于训练和评估安全帽检测算法;为了评估改进的YOLOv4的性能,从5个不同建筑工地采集到600张施工人员图像和60条施工视频作为验证集;...     

基于组织因素的航空安全评价与分析

基于组织因素,从事故类型出发寻找影响航空安全的因素,并采用层次分析法进行评价,得出各个指标因素的权重,确定机组、天气、公司管理是事故链中居于前3位的因素.对机组提出采用"PACE进谏法"和建立人为失误数据库进行训练等建议;针对天气提出改进气象装备,尽早预测并采取措施等建议;对公司管理提出借鉴瑞典航空公司的事前评估、自愿报告免责制度以及安全旁听制度等建议.     

Motives as Predictors of the Public's Attitudes Toward Solid Waste Issues

/ Surveys focusing on solid-waste-related issues, conducted over a period of several years, provided data from independent samples of residents of a Midwestern, USA, community. The collection of these data yielded useful information about the relationship between residents' recycling motives and their attitudes toward solid waste management in light of several changes in the solid waste infrastructure of the community over that time. The initial survey assessed baseline beliefs and attitudes, while later surveys were conducted after the implementation of a community educational program and a curbside recycling program. The findings indicated that for recyclers and nonrecyclers, different motives predicted endorsement of solid waste programs and policies. Although a similar percentage of recyclers and nonrecyclers were in support of various proposed programs and policies, concern for the environment was found to be positively related to nonrecyclers' support of proposed programs, particularly before these programs were implemented. Prior to program implementation, motives other than environmental altruism were found to be related to recyclers' support of the programs. Additional findings support the idea that educational programs and increased accessibility to recycling opportunities affect the relationship between people's attitudes toward solid waste management and their recycling motives.     

Modelling forest management within a global vegetation model—Part 2: Model validation from a tree to a continental scale

The construction of a new forest management module (FMM) within the ORCHIDEE global vegetation model (GVM) allows a realistic simulation of biomass changes during the life cycle of a forest, which makes many biomass datasets suitable as validation data for the coupled ORCHIDEE-FM GVM. This study uses three datasets to validate ORCHIDEE-FM at different temporal and spatial scales: permanent monitoring plots, yield tables, and the French national inventory data. The last dataset has sufficient geospatial coverage to allow a novel type of validation: inventory plots can be used to produce continuous maps that can be compared to continuous simulations for regional trends in standing volumes and volume increments. ORCHIDEE-FM performs better than simple statistical models for stand-level variables, which include tree density, basal area, standing volume, average circumference and height, when management intensity and initial conditions are known: model efficiency is improved by an average of 0.11, and its average bias does not exceed 25%. The performance of the model is less satisfying for tree-level variables, including extreme circumferences, tree circumference distribution and competition indices, or when management and initial conditions are unknown. At the regional level, when climate forcing is accurate for precipitation, ORCHIDEE-FM is able to reproduce most productivity patterns in France, such as the local lows of needleleaves in the Parisian basin and of broadleaves in south-central France. The simulation of water stress effects on biomass in the Mediterranean region, however, remains problematic, as does the simulation of the wood increment for coniferous trees. These pitfalls pertain to the general ORCHIDEE model rather than to the FMM. Overall, with an average bias seldom exceeding 40%, the performance of ORCHIDEE-FM is deemed reliable to use it as a new modelling tool in the study of the effects of interactions between forest management and climate on biomass stocks of forests across a range of scales from plot to country.     

Sound management of brominated flame retarded (BFR) plastics from electronic wastes: State of the art and options in Nigeria

Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv^® and Centrevap^® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics.     

全国排污申报登记系统的研究与开发

简要介绍全国排污申报登记系统的指标体系设计,信息分类偏码,重点污染源筛选和系统结构设计、功能,程序设计等主要技术方法,并结合系统开发经验阐述了全国排污申报统一软件的研究成果及其功能特点。     

基于复杂系统的民族地区非常规突发事件应急管理研究

民族地区非常规突发事件属罕见非常规突发事件,是典型的复杂系统.传统的应急管理模式不能适应这类具有非线性复杂系统特征的罕见非常规突发事件的应急管理需求.因此,应该将民族地区的各类民族因素和社会特征作为民族地区非常规突发事件应急管理研究的基础变量,并进行复杂性分析,进而构建民族地区非常规突发事件演化规律的可视化仿真模型,然后在Pems平行应急管理系统)的基础上实现对该类突发事件应急管理机制的评估、反馈与改进.     

再生铅冶炼对土壤环境影响及其评价和环境管理

再生铅冶炼是对废弃物的循环利用,防治铅污染的重要手段,但冶炼中处置不当,会引起土壤污染,再生铅冶炼对土壤环境的影响,首先进行环境影响识别,并根据冶炼中铅的排放强度和铅的生物地球化学循环规律来阐明其排放特点和进入土壤的途径,通过再生铅冶炼项目环境影响评价的实例,探讨了土壤环境质量的现状分析、评价和预测等研究方法,并提出严格执行环境影响评价制度和“三同时”制度,强化建设项目本身的环境管理和完善土壤环境质量标准等土壤环境管理措施。     

西双版纳自然保护区与周边社区的共管研究

自然保护区社区共管的实施,缓解了保护区与社区的矛盾,在促进生物多样性保护与社区经济发展方面取得了显著的效果。然而,由于管理目标冲突、经费不足、宣传教育力度不足等问题,限制了共管的实施范围及可持续性。通过采取构建科学的共管运行机制、激励机制,生态教育等措施,突破共管的制约因素,促进了自然保护区及其社区的可持续发展。