并流旋转床气相压降数值模拟与实验研究

旋转床气相压降是设计旋转床的重要技术指标之一。通过分析并流旋转床结构与工作原理,建立气相压降的理论模型。采用Eulerian多相流模型和k-ε模型对并流旋转床气相压降进行数值模拟,探索液体分布器结构对气相压降的影响。实验表明所建立的压降模型较好地解释了实验现象,孔型分布器有利于减小气相压降。     

Spatiotemporal variation of radon and carbon dioxide concentrations in an underground quarry: coupled processes of natural ventilation, barometric pumping and internal mixing

Radon-222 and carbon dioxide concentrations have been measured during several years at several points in the atmosphere of an underground limestone quarry located at a depth of 18 m in Vincennes, near Paris, France. Both concentrations showed a seasonal cycle. Radon concentration varied from 1200 to 2000 Bq m⁻³ in summer to about 800-1400 Bq m⁻³ in winter, indicating winter ventilation rates varying from 0.6 to 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹. Carbon dioxide concentration varied from 0.9 to 1.0% in summer, to about 0.1-0.3% in winter. Radon concentration can be corrected for natural ventilation using temperature measurements. The obtained model also accounts for the measured seasonal variation of carbon dioxide. After correction, radon concentrations still exhibit significant temporal variation, mostly associated with the variation of atmospheric pressure, with coupling coefficients varying from −7 to −26 Bq m⁻³ hPa⁻¹. This variation can be accounted for using a barometric pumping model, coupled with natural ventilation in winter, and including internal mixing as well. After correction, radon concentrations exhibit residual temporal variation, poorly correlated between different points, with standard deviations varying from 3 to 6%. This study shows that temporal variation of radon concentrations in underground cavities can be understood to a satisfactory level of detail using non-linear and time-dependent modelling. It is important to understand the temporal variation of radon concentrations and the limitations in their modelling to monitor the properties of natural or artificial underground settings, and to be able to assess the existence of new processes, for example associated with the preparatory phases of volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.     

基于核心资本变迁的产业可持续竞争力研究

当前,生态环境已经成为经济发展的主要约束条件,与生态环境相协调的可持续发展也是当前产业发展的主要趋势。本文通过对经济增长核心要素及约束条件变迁的考察,明确了可持续发展是经济与产业发展的必然趋势,同时拓宽了产业竞争力的视域,提出了产业可持续竞争力的概念。在此基础上,本文运用复杂系统动力学理论,探讨了产业核心资本变迁与产业可持续竞争力以及生态环境之间的关系。文章得出结论,在资源环境成为经济发展根本约束条件的前提下,环境质量的改善可以内化于产业可持续竞争力的提升过程中,途径就是增强产业对核心资本的使用程度。基于理论推导和实际数据的支持,本文最后从贯彻可持续发展和生态文明的理念、运用循环经济相关理论优化生产经营行为、推进面向资源环境的生态创新、加强人力资源投资、提高产业核心资本构成等方面,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Effect of initial pressure on the lower explosion limit of nicotinic acid/acetone mixture

In the work presented in this paper, the effect of initial pressure on the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the hybrid nicotinic acid/acetone mixture was investigated through standard explosion tests carried out in the 20 L sphere. From experimental results, the flammability diagram was built in the plane (concentration/minimum explosive concentration) of nicotinic acid versus (concentration/LEL) of acetone. Interestingly, it has been found that, in going from low pressures (P < 1 atm) to high pressures (P > 1 atm), the extension of the flammability region increases. This behavior has been attributed to the fact that the turbulence kinetic energy (and thus the energy dissipation) decreases with increasing initial pressure. Bartknecht's correlation for LEL of hybrid mixtures was modified to take into account the effect of pressure, and two correlations were obtained able to give satisfactory predictions of experimental data at both low pressures and high pressures.     

Suppression effects of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate dry powder and melamine pyrophosphate powder on an aluminium dust cloud explosion

Selecting a suitable flame-retardant powder is essential for preventing or reducing the risk of aluminium dust cloud explosions. Two types of retardant materials were studied, namely ABC powder (a flame-retardant powder mainly composed of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate dry powder) and melamine pyrophosphate powder (MPP). A specially designed rectangular pipe was used to examine the influences and mass fractions of the aforementioned flame retardants and the effects of compounds on maximum explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure rate of increase. The results showed that the explosion-suppression effects of MPP powder were superior to those of ABC powder. Furthermore, the suppression effects of combining ABC and MPP to form compounds in various ratios were explored. The explosion-suppression effects of the single flame-retardant powders and flame-retardant powder compound were compared, which revealed that the effects of the flame-retardant compound were intermediate to those of ABC and MPP used separately. No synergistic effect was observed in the compound retardant. However, component mass fractions influenced the retardant properties of the compound. The suppression mechanism was investigated through thermal analysis, which revealed that the decomposition of the two flame-retardant powders was an endothermic process that generated inert gas. The addition of flame-retardant powder delayed the time required by aluminium to break through its oxide film. However, the thermal analysis curve of the compound overlapped those of the two single powders, and no new chemical reaction occurred. Thus, no change was observed in the efficacy of the flame-retardant properties.     

高位钻孔不同封孔方法质量检测及其优选

为优选出高位钻孔最佳的封孔方式,通过理论分析给出钻孔漏气6种表现形式,并推导出钻孔漏气量及漏风率的计算公式,进而基于不同钻孔深度瓦斯浓度及抽采负压的变化率确立钻孔漏气位置、漏气量、漏气率等封孔质量定量判定指标体系。结合封孔质量探测结果、操作难易程度及经济成本建立封孔方法优劣的多因素评价方法,并对聚氨酯式常压封孔（方法1）、囊袋式注浆带压封孔（方法2）、钻屑回填式注浆带压封孔（方法3）3种方法进行综合评价分析。研究结果表明:方法1～3的封孔段平均瓦斯浓度分别为5.6%,3.2%及8%,方法1对应的瓦斯浓度与抽采负压均出现突降,方法2对应的抽采负压在8～14 m出现突降,方法3则较稳定。故判定三者封孔质量为钻屑回填式＞囊袋式＞聚氨酯式,结合成本分析和操作难易综合分析确定高位钻孔的最优封孔方式为钻屑回填式注浆带压封孔。     

高海拔矿井风机气动噪声数值模拟及实验研究

为研究高海拔矿井风机气动噪声规律,建立小型轴流风机三维物理模型,利用CFD软件对环境气压分别为1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6及0.5 atm时的风机模型进行定常模拟、非定常模拟及噪声计算,并通过自主设计的压变实验装置对上述不同环境气压条件下风机转数分别为500,1 000,1 500和2 000 rpm时的风机噪声进行测试,分析风机叶片附近监测点噪声频谱曲线及压变环境风机噪声实验数据,结果表明:风机转数和环境气压是影响风机气动噪声的2个重要因素;环境气压P一定时,风机转数n越大,各频率下的风机气动噪声声压级SPL越大,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg均随风机转数n的增大呈对数函数增加;风机转数n不变时,随着海拔高度的升高,环境气压P降低,各频段下风机气动噪声声压级SPL均将减小,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg随环境气压值P的降低呈线性函数减小,环境气压每降低0.1 atm,二者分别降低1.47和1.29 dB。     

矿井通风网络压能图节点分层算法研究

为解决人工绘制矿井通风网络图与压能图工作量繁重的问题,基于对矿井通风网络图与矿井通风压能图的特点与作用的研究,提出了具有通风网络图与压能图部分特点的矿井通风网络压能图的概念及其特点与作用。采用分层算法实现对矿井通风网络压能图中各节点纵向相对位置的确定,为避免巷道两端节点压能值因取整相等时被分到同一层的问题,提出运用最长路径算法对各巷道节点进行第1次分层,再利用各节点的相对压能值进行2次分层的绘制方法。构造以分层算法绘制通风网络压能图的整体框架,为实现矿井通风网络压能图的自动绘制提供了技术支持。     

基于Ventsim的南山煤矿孤岛工作面均压通风方案研究*

孤岛工作面掘进期间,采用在原有采空区内掘进进风巷、回风巷、切眼的方案以降低工作面冲击地压风险等级。为了降低此布置方案产生的采空区漏风对工作面的影响,设计了6种均压通风方案,使用Ventsim三维通风仿真软件对工作面实施6种方案后通风系统和风压分布状态进行模拟。通过对模拟结果比较,确定以局部通风机吸风量400 m3/min（方案3）为最优设计方案,并根据方案3对该工作面实施均压通风。对该工作面通风系统实测结果分析表明,局部通风机出口风量为346.8 m3/min,进、回风巷及工作面的通风阻力分别为22.8,29和15.2 Pa,验证了该方案的有效性及可靠性,通风系统风量能保证工作面正常开采,且漏风量较小。最后,对工作面采煤过程中以及推进到停采线时均压通风系统进行了稳定性分析,并提出了管理措施。     

基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置,提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时,管内沿线压力呈均匀分布,当管道突发泄漏时,管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象,弯折处即为管道漏点位置,并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正,提高了检测准确性;随着管道泄漏程度的加大,湍流效应显著增强,漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变,且当其他条件恒定时,随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大,管道的漏入量越大,定位的相对误差越小;在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验,实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m,相对误差为6%;在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用,绝对误差134 m,相对误差约7.95%。