室内火灾温度的预测方法及其分析

室内火灾温度是火灾科学中非常重要的参数之一，它对火灾防护有着重要的作用。本文以轰燃为分界点，总结归纳了目前国际上采用的轰燃前后室内火灾温度的预测方法。对每一种方法的使用条件及优缺点作了分析。同时对轰燃前后的各种温度预测方法分别作了简要的对比。最后根据前面的分析推荐了作者认为实用性较强的几种方法．     

NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN ILLINOIS RIVERS 1967 TO 1974: COMPARISON AMONG REPORTING AGENCIES1

ABSTRACT: Long term data on surface water quality can sometimes be assembled by combining data collected by different agencies at different times and assuming that between agency differences in data quality are insignificant. The objective of this paper was to assess the quality of riverine nitrate (NO₃) concentrations in Illinois measured and reported by four agencies from 1967 to 1974 by comparing median values for similar sampling locations and periods. A total of 17 river reaches were identified for which two agencies reported NO₃ concentrations during similar periods. Nonparametric comparison of median values and analysis of covariance with discharge as a covariant produced similar results. Nitrate concentrations reported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 1967 to 1971 were not statistically (P > 0.05) different from values reported by the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) for two of three river reaches. Additionally, NO₃ concentrations reported by USGS from 1972 to 1974 were not statistically different than concentrations reported by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) for four of five river reaches. From 1969 to 1971, NO₃ concentrations reported by the Illinois Department of Public Heath and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IDPH/IEPA) were less than one‐fourth the magnitude of values reported by ISWS. The median NO₃ concentrations measured by the Central Illinois Public Service (CIPS) were significantly greater than those measured by USGS and IDPH/IEPA in the three comparable sampling locations. The use of NO₃ concentrations measured by CIPS and IDPH/IEPA prior to 1972 is not recommended.     

电力污闪事故的气象条件分析

对1980-2003年长治市发生的26次严重电力污闪事故进行了调研分析.找出了其中主要电力污闪事故发生的成因及其时空分布特征.对诱发污闪的主要气象条件(浓雾、小雪、雨夹雪、毛毛雨、小雨、冰融等恶劣天气)和气象要素(相对湿度、气温、风向、风速、结冰、积雪等)进行了综合分析,给出了污闪事故发生的各类气象条件综合性判别指标以及事故发生可能性的分级预测标准,并提出了预防电力污闪的一些安全措施.     

DRY AND WET WEATHER FLOW NUTRIENT LOADS FROM A LOS ANGELES WATERSHED1

Effective watershed management requires an accurate assessment of the pollutant loads from the associated point and nonpoint sources. The importance of wet weather flow (WWF) pollutant loads is well known, but in semi‐arid regions where urbanization is significant the pollutant load in dry weather flow (DWF) may also be important. This research compares the relative contributions of potential contaminants discharged in DWF and WWF from the Ballona Creek Watershed in Los Angeles, California. Models to predict DWF and WWF loads of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate‐nitrogen, nitrite‐nitrogen, ammonia‐nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus from the Ballona Creek Watershed for six water years dating from 1991 to 1996 were developed. The contaminants studied were selected based on data availability and their potential importance in the degradation of Ballona Creek and Santa Monica Bay beneficial uses. Wet weather flow was found to contribute approximately 75 percent to 90 percent of the total annual flow volume discharged by the Ballona Creek Watershed. Pollutant loads are also predominantly due to WWF, but during the dry season, DWF is a more significant contributor. Wet weather flow accounts for 67 to 98 percent of the annual load of the constituents studied. During the dry season, however, the portion attributable to DWF increases to greater than 40 percent for all constituents except biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids. When individual catchments within the watershed are considered, the DWF pollutant load from the largest catchment is similar to the WWF pollutant load in two other major catchments. This research indicates WWF is the most significant source of nonpoint source pollution load on an annual basis, but management of the effects of the nonpoint source pollutant load should consider the seasonal importance of DWF.     

短程深度脱氮中试工艺的低温启动和维持

试验采用有效体积为7.0 m3的SBR中试反应器处理生活污水,考察了低温条件下短程深度脱氮工艺的启动方法及稳定性.利用基于鼓风机频率(BF)和pH的实时控制策略对SBR系统进行实时控制.结果表明,SBR系统在低温条件(11～16℃)和50 d内快速启动短程深度脱氮工艺,亚硝酸盐积累率从19.8%上升到90%.在中低温条件(9～28℃)下短程深度脱氮性能维持长达550 d,亚硝酸盐积累率始终维持在95%左右,出水TN浓度维持在3 mg·L-1,TN去除率维持在95%以上.由此可见,低温下启动SBR短程深度脱氮工艺并长期维持完全可行.     

FY2 号气象卫星估算地面太阳辐射研究

综合考虑太阳因素、地形因素、地表积雪覆盖情况、云量以及非均质大气对太阳辐射的影响,基于FY2 号静止卫星构建晴空太阳总辐射计算模型,并利用山西省3 个辐射观测站2011 年逐时、逐日、逐月太阳总辐射观测资料对其估算结果进行检验。研究结果显示：逐时误差在±1 MJ·m^-2之间,逐日误差在±5 MJ·m^-2之间,表明模型计算的太阳辐射误差较小,稳定性较好;逐月误差结果显示,三个站模拟值都大于实测值,且误差趋势一致,均表现为冬季误差高于夏季;进一步对模拟值和实测值进行相关性分析,三站线性拟合度均在0.86～0.92 之间,且相关系数均达到显著相关水平,表明模型计算的太阳辐射准确性和精度较高,且在数值拟合上较好地反映了实际的太阳总辐射量,证实该模型应用于FY2 号气象卫星的可行性。     

能源承载力预测分析方法的研究与应用研究

能源需求和人口、经济密切相关。能源需求分析是在一定的人口和经济增长假设下进行的。从投入产出角度看,能源需求的高低取决于终端需求与满足终端需求的中间过程。经济结构的变化,经济增长模式的选择,技术进步,优质能源的可获得性,环境保护要求等因素会对终端需求和中间过程产生影响。由于资源对国家和地区的重要性,资源承载力的研究显得尤为重要。因此有必要对一个区域的能源需求量作出预测和分析,提高区域发展和管理的科学性,从而实现区域的可持续发展。     

华南沿海某大气背景点黑碳气溶胶污染特征

黑碳气溶胶(BC)因其显著的气候效应和对人类健康的危害而成为研究的热点。研究背景点位BC的浓度水平和来源特征有助于掌握BC在区域尺度上的辐射强迫特性和环境影响。2009年秋季在华南沿海某区域大气背景点进行了为期约40 d的BC在线观测。观测期间BC的平均浓度为(2.34±1.33)μg/m3,与其它区域背景点相比处于较高水平。利用中尺度天气研究和预报系统WRF模拟的高分辨率三维气象场数据驱动HYSPLIT-4反向轨迹模式,模拟观测期间每小时的气团轨迹,将所有轨迹分为来源特征明显的东北沿海、北方内陆、香港方向和东南海面方向四类。当受到东北沿海来源气团影响时,BC的浓度为平均水平的1.4倍,BC和CO有较好的线性相关关系,而其它三类气团影响时的BC浓度都低于平均浓度,且BC和CO的相关关系很差,说明来自东北沿海地区的较近距离区域传输是影响该背景点大气BC的主要源区。     

四川红层浅层风化带裂隙水水化学特征的聚类分析

四川红层盆地浅层风化带裂隙水是区内分布最为广泛和目前开采最多的浅层地下水类型,本文通过对大量控制性水样分析结果进行聚类分析,探讨了该地区浅层风化带裂隙水的水化学成分特征及其分布规律,结果表明区内91%以上的浅层风化带裂隙水为HCO3-型淡水,主要分布在中部方山丘陵小区、南部台状低山丘陵小区和东部侵蚀构造平行岭谷低山丘陵小区。该研究可为开发利用浅层地下水提供地学依据。     

沈阳市生活垃圾排放现状及产生量预测

随着城市化进程加快、人口数量快速增加及人民生活水平普遍提高,城市生活垃圾管理已成为世界各国,特别是发展中国家城市面临的主要挑战.作为中国东北最大的中心城市,沈阳正面临城市生活垃圾产生量急剧增加的现状.文章通过对沈阳市城市生活垃圾排放现状的分析,发现2002年后沈阳市生活垃圾产生量和清运量逐年增加,生活垃圾成分变化显著....