The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River,Germany

In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC) data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must, however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling aspects.     

PLC控制系统在钢渣热焖工艺中的应用

利用PLC控制系统,实现在钢渣热焖工艺中的恒压供水和钢渣热焖定时定量喷水的自动控制要求,具有国际先进水平,取得了良好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益.     

热活化镁砂的表征、吸附性能及其对含油废水的处理效果研究

通过对镁砂进行改性试图提高其吸附性能,并用于处理含油废水。对镁砂进行热活化处理,并对处理前后的镁砂进行了X射线衍射分析、TG-DSC热分析及扫描电镜分析。再将热活化后的镁砂用于处理模拟含油废水,考察了焙烧温度、吸附剂用量、pH、温度等因素对模拟含油废水中COD去除效果的影响。根据实验结果,确定镁砂的热活化温度为500℃,利用热活化后的镁砂吸附去除模拟含油废水中的COD,处理后出水COD浓度可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

Predicting vehicle fuel consumption patterns using floating vehicle data

The status of energy consumption and air pollution in China is serious. It is important to analyze and predict the different fuel consumption of various types of vehicles under different influence factors. In order to fully describe the relationship between fuel consumption and the impact factors, massive amounts of floating vehicle data were used. The fuel consumption pattern and congestion pattern based on large samples of historical floating vehicle data were explored, drivers'' information and vehicles'' parameters from different group classification were probed, and the average velocity and average fuel consumption in the temporal dimension and spatial dimension were analyzed respectively. The fuel consumption forecasting model was established by using a Back Propagation Neural Network. Part of the sample set was used to train the forecasting model and the remaining part of the sample set was used as input to the forecasting model.     

固体云爆剂热分解性能研究

目的研究固体云爆剂的热分解特性。方法利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TG)测定该固体云爆剂的热分解过程。分别得到固体云爆剂在不同温度下的DSC和TG曲线,以及同一温度下云爆剂不同组分的DSC和TG曲线。结合线性回归分析的方法,利用Ozawa法、Starink法以及Kissinger法计算了反应活化能。结果其表观活化能为208 k J/mol左右。结论该固体云爆剂的热分解是一个连续的过程,具有良好的安定性。     

水平对置活塞发动机高空热平衡特性研究

目的研究不同海拔大气压力特别是高空条件对水平对置活塞汽油机热平衡性能的影响。方法利用内燃机高空模拟试验台进行不同海拔高度(0~7000 m)下水平对置活塞汽油机的热平衡试验,测得不同海拔下排温、缸体表面温度等特征参数,计算热流量分配特性,并对比分析热流量分配特性随海拔高度的变化规律。结果随海拔升高,汽油机排温和缸体表面温度逐渐下降,且海拔愈高,缸体表面温度下降幅度愈大。汽油机有效功率随海拔升高逐渐下降,余项损失百分比逐渐上升,且在低转速下,变化幅度增大。在6000 m模拟海拔、3000 r/min转速下,汽油机有效热效率不到5%,而余项损失达到了30%以上,此时部分汽油甚至并未燃烧。结论高空环境对水平对置汽油机热平衡性能造成严重影响,成为制约其高海拔性能恢复的关键因素。     

中国国道和省道机动车尾气排放特征

近年来,随着我国机动车保有量的持续增长,机动车排放已成为我国重要的大气污染物来源之一.现有的机动车排放研究多关注城市内的机动车大气污染物排放,针对城市间的大气污染物排放研究较少.我国城市间交通道路主要包括国道和省道,截止至2015年我国国道里程18.53万km、省道里程32.97万km,约占全国等级公路总里程的13%,因此开展我国国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放研究十分重要.本研究基于全国国道和省道交通监测站的年均监测数据,采用环境保护部发布的《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》中的指导方法,计算了2015年我国国道和省道机动车的大气污染物排放清单,分析了污染物排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国国道和省道公路机动车排放的一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、颗粒物(PM)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放量分别占全国机动车污染物总排放量的4.5%、27.9%、14.4%和7.7%;不同车型对国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放的分担率不同,其中大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的主要来源,摩托车是CO和HC的主要来源;不同道路类型中各车型的大气污染物排放分担率也不同,如高速路上大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源,普通道路上大客车和大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源.     

关于医疗垃圾飞灰中二噁英在惰性气氛下的低温热脱附研究

以医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器前管道内飞灰(BG)及布袋除尘器后飞灰(AG)为对象,研究不同温度及时间段下其在管式炉中的热脱附特性.结果表明,在低温氮气气氛下,热脱附作用较为明显,2种飞灰中的二噁英都有了不同程度的脱除,其中布袋前飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为82.9%～99.9%之间,毒性当量脱除率为77.3%～99.8%,布袋后飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为66.8%～99.8%之间,毒性当量脱除率为43.5%～99.6%.检测收集到的实验尾气,发现了二噁英的存在,且在300～350℃这个温度段生成量最多,且生成的有毒二噁英同系物中以OCDD为主.通过比较发现,当温度为400℃,加热时间为45 min时2种飞灰中的二噁英脱除效率最高.鉴于惰性气氛下的热脱附对处理飞灰中的二噁英具有较好的作用,可将其大规模应用于实际工程中.     

单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.