火力发电厂烟囱选型

以铁岭发电厂二期2×600MW超超临界机组工程240m烟囱型式的选择为例,在简要介绍烟囱的一般型式、烟囱的选型原则和国内烟囱选型情况的基础上,进行比选并确定最终方案。     

MAP热分解产物的氨氮吸附性能研究

以TG-DTA、XRD、SEM等手段研究了MAP的热分解行为,并对热分解产物的氨氮吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,热分解MAP可将水和氨释放出来,热分解产物粒径变小,结晶度降低,其XRD图谱主要出现MgHPO₄·3H₂O的特征衍射峰,但在吸附氨氮后,则主要出现MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O的特征衍射峰;控制MAP在100℃条件下热分解3 h再用于氨氮的处理药剂是合适的,氨氮吸附反应体系的pH值以10较为适宜,在此条件下反应40 min对氨氮的去除率即达90%。     

PCB边角料的成分与热重-差热分析研究

在温度为380℃、N₂∶O₂=7∶3（体积比）的条件下,对PCB边角料进行的化学成分分析实验结果表明：4种PCB边角料中SiO₂+CaO+Al₂O₃大约在32%～38%之间,金属含量在22%～28%之间,其余为树脂,大约为45%左右;热重差热分析在氮气气氛、升温速率为20℃/min的条件下进行,其结果为：失重在12%～36%之间,热值在13～19 MJ/kg左右,失重主要发生在300～400℃之间,约占总失重的70%～90%,300℃以下质量基本上没有变化,400～1 200℃之间,质量约占10%～30%：并分析了TG-DTA曲线的影响因素,为工业回收废弃PCB提供了有价值的基础数据。     

Releasing characteristics of phosphorus and other substances during thermal treatment of excess sludge

The releasing characteristics of phosphorus,nitrogen compounds,organics,and some metal cations during thermal treatment of excess sludge were investigated.It was found that during heating not only phosphorus,but also nitrogen compounds,organics,and some metal cations could be released in abundance.The maximum orthophosphate (ortho-P) release of about 90 mg/L in concentration was observed at 50℃in 1 h.Except for volatile fatty acids (VFAs),comparatively little total nitrogen (TN),total organic carbon (TOC),and metal cations were released at the same time.Such results might favor further process of phosphorus recovery.VFAs were considerably released only at 50℃.Acetic,butyric,and propionic acid were the most abundant components in turn and their releasing profiles exhibited good linear relationship with time (R~2=0.9977,0.9624,and 0.8908,respectively).The concentrations of Mg~(2 ) and K~ increased with time and temperature during thermal treatment,but Ca~(2 ) decreased.The release of Mg~(2 ) and K~ agreed well with TP release (R~2=0.9892 and 0.9476,respectively).Temperature in the experimental range had very little impact on the linear relationships, especially of Mg~(2 ).Moreover,the parameter of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was found to be an important factor for thermal sludge treatment as the released ortho-P and total phosphorus (TP) at 50℃increased more than one-fold when MLSS was increased from 4000 to 8000 mg/L.     

安徽省热对流短时强降水的判别与特征分析

对安徽省2008~2012年5~9月的降水以及气温、地温、日照等要素进行了统计分析,发现午后降水频率明显高于其它时次,在对降水及其他要素进行分类统计的基础上,提出了基于降水特征、午后13时地温、午后13时地温和早上08时的地温差、日照时数的热对流短时强降水的判别方法。基于融合了多重观测资料的LAPS再分析系统得到的中尺度再分析场资料,对2008~2011年5~9月热对流局地强降水进行了比湿、回波、稳定度和能量指标特征统计分析,并对一个典型个例的降水特征、降水成因进行了具体分析,总结了此类降水过程在降水特征、天气形势、湿度条件、大气层结稳定度的特点:维持时间短、强度大,范围小,地面温度高,午后和早上的地温差明显,降水发生前大气不稳定能量较强,中低层风场切变辐合明显。     

Thermal Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Systems: A Parametric Study

Conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) module converts the light component of solar radiation into electrical power, and heat part is absorbed by module increasing its operating temperature. Combined PV module and heat exchanger generating both electrical and thermal powers is called as hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system. The paper presents the design of a PV/T collector, made with thin film PV technology and a spiral flow absorber, and a simulation model, developed through the system of several mathematical equations, to evaluate the performance of PV/T water collectors. The effect of various parameters on the thermal and electrical efficiency has been investigated to obtain optimum combination of parameters. Finally, a numerical simulation has been carried out for the daily and annual yield of the proposed PV/T collector, and comparison with a standard PV module is discussed.     

Geospatial Method to Map Potential Risk of Stormwater Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution is a growing concern as communities strive to protect and improve the nation's waters. The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze a geospatial model that predicts the relative risk of contribution of thermal energy to surface runoff throughout an urban watershed. A geospatial‐based solution could serve as a screening method or planning element, prior to or instead of the development of a more complex simulation of mass‐load transport of thermal energy. The study's theoretical methodology integrated the thermal potential of land cover and thermal decay due to overland travel to inlets. The resulting thermal pollution potential (TPP) index value was then assigned to individual model grid cells for comparison. Analysis of results from application to a case study watershed in Blacksburg, Virginia, indicated the computational methodology is not very sensitive to changes in spatial resolution. The thermal decay constant used in the analysis was varied, and results indicated a low sensitivity to selection of this parameter. A comparison between methods of watershed delineation also indicated use of infrastructure‐corrected watershed delineation yields better results than derivation from automated techniques. The geospatial method presented may be used to reproduce a TPP risk map to prioritize thermal pollution mitigation efforts.     

Experimental energy and exergy analyses of a discharging heat exchanger for a small hot-oil domestic storage tank

Experiments are described to investigate the thermal performance of a discharging heat exchanger for a small storage tank filled with oil. Experimental results are presented in terms of the discharging energy rates (power) and the discharging exergy rates for low (~4 ml/s) and high discharging flow rates (~8 ml/s). Water heating energy rates, which are respectively maximized at approximately 600 W and 1200 W at low and high flow-rate discharging, are found to be higher than the discharging energy rates, which are respectively maximized at 450 W and 900 W. These results indicate that the energy rates do not accurately evaluate the thermal performance of the discharging heat exchanger since the energy heating rate of the water is greater than that for the oil that heats it, which is thermodynamically inconsistent. The energy rates should thus be used with caution when the thermal performance of the heat exchanger is evaluated. Water heating exergy rates, which are respectively maximized at approximately 45 W and 130 W at low and high flow-rate discharging, are generally smaller than the discharging exergy rates, which are respectively maximized at 65 W and 170 W. Exergy rate results are thus more consistent in the physical process of water heating, and an exergy factor is suggested as a proper measure for evaluating the performance of the discharging heat exchanger. The maximum value of the exergy factor is found to increase from 0.15 at low flow rates to a maximum value of approximately 0.19 at high flow rates. This implies that to extract more energy from a storage tank to a discharging heat exchanger, the flow rate has to be high, which is consistent with the physical process of heating water faster to higher temperatures. The exergy factor can thus be used as a design parameter for discharging heat exchangers.     

基于筛选测试的化工反应危害评估探讨

本文主要讨论了基于筛选测试方法的化工反应危害评价。该方法是利用DSC、TS“等差热分析仪对化学品和混合物进行热稳定性的筛选测试,根据起始温度和反应焓变对化合物危害程度分级进行分级,建立反应风险指数,从而在小试和中试阶段就将反应危害降低或消除,确保大规模生产时的安全性,为真正实现化工工艺本质安全。此外,还比较了DSC、TSU、AFFAC、RSST等热分析仪,认为TSU和RSST是目前较为合适的热筛选分析仪,为建立反应危害实验室相关仪器的选型提供了参考。     

油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验研究

分析扬沸火灾形成的3个基本物理条件,给出扬沸三角形的概念,提出通过破坏3个基本条件中任一条件来抑制扬沸火灾发生的构想。为解决其防治问题建立小尺度油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验台,用沸石和双列盘管式冷却法对扬沸火灾防治进行了实验研究;通过对比两种方法施加前后的油层、油水界面、水层温度和火焰辐射,发现双列盘管式冷却法和沸石能有效地抑制扬沸的形成和降低扬沸的危害程度。从机理上分析,小尺度油罐扬沸火灾的防治方法可为扬沸火灾的防治提供一定的理论依据。