Differential sorption of herbicides as related to soil topography and organic matter 1

Abstract

The sorption of bromacil and simazine by the surface soil (0–15 cm) sampled at various positions along an 8% slope citrus grove (Candler fine sand; Typic Quartzipsamment) and at various depths (0–200 cm) at upper, middle, and lower positions along the slope were investigated. The sorption of both herbicides by the top 15 cm soil decreased considerably from the upper to mid position along the slope and increased at the lower position. The organic matter content and concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, and Cu in the soil showed evidence of transport of organic matter and mineral nutrients from the mid position on the slope and accumulation in the lower position. The differential sorption of herbicides by the soil samples taken at various positions along the slope was closely related to changes in organic matter content. Although sorption of bromacil and simazine varied considerably at various positions along the slope, the sorption of bromacil was very similar at depths below 30 cm regardless of positions along the slope. In the case of simazine, however, the sorption was much greater at all depths in the lower than in the upper and mid position of the slope. The sorption of both herbicides decreased considerably at depths below 30 cm at all positions along the slope, thus, indicating the potential for rapid leaching of the herbicides down the soil profile.     

土壤有效态微量元素含量与不同地貌单元关系的研究─—以河南省新乡地区卫辉市和辉县市为例

选择上自太行山下至黄河故道的一个具有不同地貌类型的典型区域,研究了土壤中６种对植物生长发育必需的微量元素有效态含量与地貌变化的关系。水溶态硼随地形下降而含量增加;易还原态锰含量与地形高低呈一致变化;钼含量以山地及低地最低;锌含量多偏低;铜在不同地貌土壤中的含量均在中等以上。     

黄土山区冲沟地形桥梁下部结构安全风险评价

为评判黄土山区冲沟地形桥梁下部结构的安全风险水平,首先基于山西省吕梁山区4条高速公路上的174座桥梁下部结构的实地调查结果进行安全风险识别,建立黄土山区冲沟地形桥梁下部结构的安全风险多层次评价指标体系;然后采用层次分析-模糊综合评判(AHP-FCE)方法估计黄土山区冲沟地形桥梁下部结构的安全风险概率和风险损失,即基于层...     

Analysis of the Daily Variations of Wintertime Air Pollution Concentrations in the City of Graz, Austria

Measured air pollution concentrations in a city reflect the influence of different kinds of sources as well as varying meteorological conditions. In the city of Graz in southern Austria, frequent stagnant meteorological conditions can cause elevated levels of air pollution although emission levels are not exceptionally high. With the aid of a detailed emission inventory and an array of sodars and tethersondes as well as lidar systems supplementing the routine meteorological and air chemistry network during a field experiment in January 1998, the daily variations of air pollution concentrations of selected components within the complex topography of the city of Graz are explained. Main results show the almost linear dependence of the morning maximum concentrations on the predicted emission rates. Throughout the day the rising of the well mixed layer reduces concentrations considerably. Concerning NO_X the fast reaction from NO to NO₂ is important due to the down-mixing of O₃ from the residual layer. The maximum in the afternoon is influenced by emission rates and pollution transport due to the mountain wind.     

2015年中国近地面臭氧浓度特征分析

根据2015年全国189个城市的近地面臭氧浓度数据,使用ArcGIS等软件处理,从不同时空、地形特征、温度等方面分析得出中国近地面臭氧浓度的变化特征.2015年中国近地面的臭氧浓度变化呈先增高后降低的趋势,各季节中浓度大小关系呈夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季的变化规律,且在7月达到全年最高值.中国各行政区中,华东、华南、华北地区的臭氧污染较为严重.在经纬度变化的影响方面,经度变化对近地面臭氧浓度的影响不大,而纬度变化使臭氧浓度变化明显;在同一纬度的3种不同地形对比中发现,不同的地形给近地面臭氧浓度带来的影响微乎其微.温度和近地面臭氧浓度的变化呈现良好的正相关关系.     

2015年厄尔尼诺年东南亚主要国家活跃火发生类型与影响分析

2015年强厄尔尼诺引起东南亚干旱少雨与活跃火加剧,但目前有关活跃火时空特征、发生类型与强度及其对人口—社会经济影响仍分析不足。利用美国国家航空航天局火灾信息资源管理系统(FIRMS)VIIRS V1活跃火位置矢量产品,通过月际、地形、土地覆被类型等GIS分析确定东南亚主要国家活跃火主要类型,并评价各国活跃火对人口分布的影响范围与国别差异。结果表明:(1)东南亚2015年活跃火发生频次达81.40×105次,中南半岛与马来群岛各占69.60%与30.40%,分别集中发生在2-4月与8-10月,各国活跃火频次与发生时间差异很大。(2)中南半岛五国活跃火地形差异明显,缅甸和越南活跃火集中分布于25 m以下;老挝(85～105 m、140～200 m)、泰国(5～15 m、70～110 m)和柬埔寨(5～15 m、70～110 m)活跃火随海拔呈双峰特征;马来群岛国家(印度尼西亚、马来西亚与菲律宾)活跃火集中分布于60 m以下的平原地带;且东南亚35%以上的活跃火均集中分布5～15°的斜坡。(3)东南亚森林、农田活跃火发生率为76%,其中森林活跃火发生率由柬埔寨的52.00%到老挝的74.2...     

Predictive model for areas with illegal landfills using logistic regression

The existence of illegal landfills is an environmental problem in most countries. However, research on this issue is scarce and limited by the availability and quality of data on the subject. Thus, most illegal landfill studies have only been conducted in a partial manner, focusing on geographical aspects or the causes of these landfills (lack of environmental awareness, inadequate waste management systems, and the role of local government). This research analyses a sample of 120 possible areas with illegal landfills in Andalusia using logistic regression in order to obtain a predictive model for the occurrence of these landfills, including both types of variables (geographical and behavioural) jointly. The results confirm that the variables that most influence the occurrence of illegal landfills are spatial (“Industrial Land”, “Plains” and “Rural Land”); whilst the variables that most reduce the likelihood of illegal landfills are those related to certain characteristics of the municipal waste management system and environmental awareness, such as “Availability of Recycling Facilities”, “Punitive Policies”, “Supervision” and “Awareness-raising Campaigns”. The model obtained shows that variables of very different nature and magnitude interact in the occurrence of illegal landfills, each of which contributes a series of features characteristic of its scale. It is advisable, therefore, to perform an analysis using a multi-scale approach in order to gain an overall understanding of the phenomenon.     

Evaluation on abundance or deficiency of avai- lable trace elements in soil of middle area in China and the effect of applying trace element fertilizer

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Modelling the motion of an internal solitary wave over a bottom ridge in a stratified fluid

A series of laboratory experiments has been carried out to investigate the passage of an internal solitary wave of depression over a bottom ridge, in a two-layer fluid system for which the upper and lower layer is linearly-stratified and homogeneous respectively. Density, velocity and vorticity fields induced by the wave propagation over the ridge have been measured simultaneously at three locations, namely upstream, downstream and over the ridge crest, for a wide range of model parameters. Results are presented to show that wave breaking may occur for a sufficiently large wave amplitude and a strong ridge blockage factor, with accompanying mixing and overturning. Density field data are presented (i) to illustrate the overturning and mixing processes that accompany the wave breaking and (ii) to quantify the degree of mixing in terms of the wave and ridge parameters. For weak encounters, good agreement is obtained between the laboratory experimental results (velocity and vorticity fields induced by the wave propagation) and the predictions of a recently-developed fully nonlinear theory. Discrepancies between theory and experiment are discussed for cases in which breaking and mixing occur.     

二维不规则海底地形对海底地震动的影响

讨论了海底地形对海底地震动的影响,并用有限元方法对二维问题进行了具体的研究。文中用参数分析的方法,就海底凸起地形和凹陷地形以及不同的海水深度,进行了海水与海床上体系在基底地震动输入下的流固耦合反应计算,取得了对所讨论问题的基本认识：（1）海床上高处的地震反应比低处的大,高处与低处间凹角处的反应则为最小;（2）随着海水深度的增大,对凸起地形来说,海床上的地震反应趋小,而对凹陷地形来说,这一点不明显。