热喷涂高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层热带岛礁大气环境腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究Zn-Al合金涂层在热带海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为,为低合金钢长效防护涂层的选用提供依据。方法 采用电弧热喷涂和高铝合金丝制备高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层,通过户外暴露试验,采用目视、扫描电镜及能谱仪、金相显微镜、XRD、电化学交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线等方法,对不同暴露周期的涂层宏观、微观表面形貌、成分组成、截面形貌、腐蚀产物组成、电化学性能和腐蚀速率等进行观察、测试。结果Zn-Al合金涂层是以质量比为50%:50%的Zn/Al合金组成。在0～540 d周期内,涂层腐蚀产物主要由碱式锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃·H₂O和羟基锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn_0.70Al_0.30(OH)₂(CO₃)_0.15·x H₂O、Zn_0.71Al_0.29(OH)₂(CO_3<...     

海南岛甘什岭低地次生雨林土壤有机碳及影响因素

热带雨林是世界上最复杂的森林生态系统,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用.热带低地次生雨林是受人类干扰较为严重的雨林类型,而关于其土壤有机碳库的研究甚少.以海南岛甘什岭热带低地次生雨林为研究对象,通过野外调查采样与室内分析相结合等方法,研究了经人为采伐干扰后自然更新恢复形成的3种林分类型(Ⅰ为较大采伐强度下恢复的灌丛与低矮乔...     

Connecting science,policy, and implementation for landscape‐scale habitat connectivity

We examined the links between the science and policy of habitat corridors to better understand how corridors can be implemented effectively. As a case study, we focused on a suite of landscape‐scale connectivity plans in tropical and subtropical Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, and Bhutan). The process of corridor designation may be more efficient if the scientific determination of optimal corridor locations and arrangement is synchronized in time with political buy‐in and establishment of policies to create corridors. Land tenure and the intactness of existing habitat in the region are also important to consider because optimal connectivity strategies may be very different if there are few, versus many, political jurisdictions (including commercial and traditional land tenures) and intact versus degraded habitat between patches. Novel financing mechanisms for corridors include bed taxes, payments for ecosystem services, and strategic forest certifications. Gaps in knowledge of effective corridor design include an understanding of how corridors, particularly those managed by local communities, can be protected from degradation and unsustainable hunting. There is a critical need for quantitative, data‐driven models that can be used to prioritize potential corridors or multicorridor networks based on their relative contributions to long‐term metacommunity persistence.     

Cost‐Effectiveness of Using Small Vertebrates as Indicators of Disturbance

In species‐rich tropical forests, effective biodiversity management demands measures of progress, yet budgetary limitations typically constrain capacity of decision makers to assess response of biological communities to habitat change. One approach is to identify ecological‐disturbance indicator species (EDIS) whose monitoring is also monetarily cost‐effective. These species can be identified by determining individual species’ responses to disturbance across a gradient; however, such responses may be confounded by factors other than disturbance. For example, in mountain environments the effects of anthropogenic habitat alteration are commonly confounded by elevation. EDIS have been identified with the indicator value (IndVal) metric, but there are weaknesses in the application of this approach in complex montane systems. We surveyed birds, small mammals, bats, and leaf‐litter lizards in differentially disturbed cloud forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. We then incorporated elevation in generalized linear (mixed) models (GL(M)M) to screen for EDIS in the data set. Finally, we used rarefaction of species accumulation data to compare relative monetary costs of identifying and monitoring EDIS at equal sampling effort, based on species richness. Our GL(M)M generated greater numbers of EDIS but fewer characteristic species relative to IndVal. In absolute terms birds were the most cost‐effective of the 4 taxa surveyed. We found one low‐cost bird EDIS. In terms of the number of indicators generated as a proportion of species richness, EDIS of small mammals were the most cost‐effective. Our approach has the potential to be a useful tool for facilitating more sustainable management of Andean forest systems. Rentabilidad del Uso de Pequeños Vertebrados como Indicadores de Perturbaciones     

Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia

Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals (>1 kg), bar a few hunting‐tolerant species. To document hunting impacts on vertebrate populations regionally, we conducted an extensive literature review, including papers in local journals and reports of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Evidence from multiple sites indicated animal populations declined precipitously across the region since approximately 1980, and many species are now extirpated from substantial portions of their former ranges. Hunting is by far the greatest immediate threat to the survival of most of the region's endangered vertebrates. Causes of recent overhunting include improved access to forests and markets, improved hunting technology, and escalating demand for wild meat, wildlife‐derived medicinal products, and wild animals as pets. Although hunters often take common species, such as pigs or rats, for their own consumption, they take rarer species opportunistically and sell surplus meat and commercially valuable products. There is also widespread targeted hunting of high‐value species. Consequently, as currently practiced, hunting cannot be considered sustainable anywhere in the region, and in most places enforcement of protected‐area and protected‐species legislation is weak. The international community's focus on cross‐border trade fails to address overexploitation of wildlife because hunting and the sale of wild meat is largely a local issue and most of the harvest is consumed in villages, rural towns, and nearby cities. In addition to improved enforcement, efforts to engage hunters and manage wildlife populations through sustainable hunting practices are urgently needed. Unless there is a step change in efforts to reduce wildlife exploitation to sustainable levels, the region will likely lose most of its iconic species, and many others besides, within the next few years.     

Breaking the Vicious Circle of Illegal Logging in Indonesia

The government of Indonesia, which presides over 10% of the world's tropical forests, has set ambitious targets to cut its high deforestation rates through an REDD+ scheme (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). This will require strong law enforcement to succeed. Yet, strategies that have accomplished this are rare and, along with past failures, tend not to be documented. We evaluated a multistakeholder approach that seeks to tackle illegal logging in the carbon‐rich province of Aceh, Sumatra. From 2008 to 2009, Fauna & Flora International established and supported a community‐based informant network for the 738,000 ha Ulu Masen ecosystem. The network reported 190 forest offenses to local law enforcement agencies, which responded with 86 field operations that confiscated illicit vehicles, equipment, and timber, and arrested 138 illegal logging suspects. From 45 cases subsequently monitored, 64.4% proceeded to court, from which 90.0% of defendants received a prison sentence or a verbal warning for a first offense. Spatial analyses of illegal logging and timber storage incidents predicted that illegal activities would be more effectively deterred by law enforcement operations that targeted the storage sites. Although numerous clusters of incidents were identified, they were still widespread reflecting the ubiquity of illegal activities. The multistakeholder results were promising, but illegal logging still persisted at apparently similar levels at the project's end, indicating that efforts need to be further strengthened. Nevertheless, several actions contributed to the law enforcement achievements: strong political will; strong stakeholder support; and funding that could be promptly accessed. These factors are highlighted as prerequisites for achieving Indonesia's ambitious REDD+ goals. Rompiendo el Círculo Vicioso de la Tala Ilegal en Indonesia     

3个深入内陆热带气旋产生大暴雨的成因——对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP等资料,对2006年3个深入内陆的热带气旋产生大暴雨的水汽、动力和热力条件进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)碧利斯虽强度属3个热带气旋中最弱的一个(只达强热带风暴等级),但由于它与南侧强西南季风结合,使其产生暴雨的水汽、动力和热力条件异常强盛,因而导致其暴雨强度最强、范围最大、灾害最严重;(2)螺旋度垂直分量20×10-7hPa.s-2等值线包围区的水平范围和螺旋度正值区垂直伸展高度及各层中心值强度与暴雨强弱有较好的关系,且暴雨区主要落在700 hPa 20×10-7hPa.s-2等值线包围区内;(3)暴雨发生时,3个热带气旋的湿位涡MPV1场均呈现下负上正分布,说明低层为不稳定层,同时均出现高层MPV1正值区向低层下伸的现象,反映不稳定能量开始释放;(4)由于3个热带气旋均未与冷空气结合,故MPV2值均较小,因此湿位涡的湿正压项(MPV1)对产生暴雨的作用大于湿斜压项(MPV2)。     

热带岛礁大气环境车辆装备腐蚀规律与防护设计及控制措施

目的 提高车辆装备在热带岛礁大气环境中的耐腐蚀性能,为车辆装备在热带岛礁大气环境长期稳定的服役提供防腐蚀设计与改进依据。方法 通过对岛礁大气环境特点的分析和典型车辆装备腐蚀规律研究与总结,制定相应的腐蚀防护设计及措施,并在车辆装备上进行应用与验证。结果 根据腐蚀特点,车辆装备划分为结构类腐蚀、电气类产品腐蚀、材料和涂层腐蚀等4类,其中,结构类腐蚀是最主要的腐蚀行为,结构类腐蚀类型主要包括缝隙腐蚀、电偶腐蚀、应力作用下腐蚀、磨损腐蚀、结构外形及空腔结构造成的腐蚀等。根据腐蚀环境进行划分,将整车划分为舱外完全暴露结构区域、底盘底部区域、发动机舱区域和舱内区域等4个腐蚀区域。在车辆装备上采取相应的腐蚀防护设计与措施,包括典型结构类防腐蚀设计、电气类产品腐蚀防护设计、材料与涂层搭配选用、维护保养和腐蚀监测措施,在热带岛礁大气环境中取得了良好的应用验证效果。结论 根据不同腐蚀类型,采取相应的结构类、电气类产品,材料与涂层合理搭配选用等腐蚀防护设计,加严环境试验考核,以及维修维护、腐蚀监测等腐蚀控制措施,车辆装备在热带岛礁环境中将取得长效且良好的环境适应性。     

华东沿海热带气旋移动和降水特征研究

基于TRMM 3B42RT 3 h降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的500 hPa分析场资料,借助于GIS空间分析方法,对热带气旋降水大值区的分布落区与移动路径之间的空间关系进行了统计叠置,分析了2000～2009年共29个登陆华东沿海或进入华东近海海域的热带气旋的路径、强度、降水的空间分布以及500 hPa环流形势对其影响的规律。结果表明：不同500 hPa环流形势对登陆热带气旋的移动路径及降水的空间分布型态有规律可循,其中中高纬西风带环流形势（50°N以北）以及副高西脊点所处的位置在热带气旋路径和降水分布型的业务预报中起着重要的指示作用     

The Value of Rehabilitating Logged Rainforest for Birds

Abstract: The recent advent of carbon crediting has led to a rapid rise in biosequestration projects that seek to remove carbon from the atmosphere through afforestation and forest rehabilitation. Such projects also present an important potential opportunity to reverse biodiversity losses resulting from deforestation and forest degradation, but the biodiversity benefits of different forms of biosequestration have not been considered adequately. We captured birds in mist nets to examine the effects of rehabilitation of logged forest on birds in Sabah, Borneo, and to test the hypothesis that rehabilitation restores avian assemblages within regenerating forest to a condition closer to that seen in unlogged forest. Species richness and diversity were similar in unlogged and rehabilitated forest, but significantly lower in naturally regenerating forest. Rehabilitation resulted in a relatively rapid recovery of populations of insectivores within logged forest, especially those species that forage by sallying, but had a marked adverse effect on frugivores and possibly reduced the overall abundance of birds within regenerating forest. In view of these results, we advocate increased management for heterogeneity within rehabilitated forests, but we strongly urge an increased role for forest rehabilitation in the design and implementation of a biodiversity‐friendly carbon‐offsetting market.