城市化、外商投资和产业结构因素对中国环境的影响

基于扩展的STIRPAT理论框架,采用动态空间面板模型分析方法,研究城市化、外商直接投资和产业结构因素对中国环境污染的长期与短期空间溢出效应.结果表明,一个地区的城市化率每提高10%,短期会降低当地CO₂排放水平的0.02%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.04%;而从长期看会降低本地CO₂排放水平的0.08%、降低临近地区CO₂排放水平的0.2%.在2006年以前,一个地区的能源强度每降低1%,会在短期降低本地CO₂排放水平的0.31%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.09%;从长期看则会降低本地CO₂排放水平的1.3%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.55%.在2006年后,这种能源强度的变化会使碳排放短期内总共降低0.45%,长期看总共降低2.06%.城市化率每提高10%短期内会减少本地0.05%的SO₂排放、减少邻近地区0.1%的SO₂排放.第二产业比重每降低10%,会分别降低本地和临近区域SO₂排放水平的0.03%和0.09%.人口规模每扩大1%,会提升邻近区域SO₂排放水平的0.55%.能源强度每降低1%,会降低本地SO₂排放水平的0.12%.     

市县“双评价”中优势农业空间划定研究：理论、方法和案例

我国城镇化迅速蚕食宝贵的耕地资源和乡村聚落,保护基本农田、保护乡村、保护农业空间的需求迫在眉睫。新一轮市县国土空间规划“双评价”中,针对“农业空间”只重视基本农田和粮食生产的不足,旨在构建“优势农业空间”划定的理论框架和技术方法,为保护农林牧副渔大农业空间、全农业领域生产者和特色、重点农村地区奠定基础。（1）在生态保护极重要区以外,开展全域、全要素的种植业、畜牧业、渔业生产适宜性评价,识别农业生产适宜区和不适宜区;（2）基于高产稳产、规模经营和集中连片三原则,进一步细化评价重要经济作物适宜区、地域特色农产品适宜区等;（3）在此基础上,结合特色村落、重大农业基础设施要素识别优势农业空间。该技术框架在沈阳和温州市县“双评价”中取得了科学实用的评价成果,为我国正在展开的国土空间规划提供了科学支撑。     

基于城市化的浙江省湾区经济带碳排放时空分布特征及影响因素分析

基于STIRPAT扩展模型与2003-2017年浙江省湾区经济带面板数据,分析碳排放时空分布特征并应用时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）实证考察城市化视角下碳排放的驱动机制及其时空异质性。结果表明：（1）浙江省湾区经济带各地市碳排放规模逐年增加但增幅不大,增速放缓,碳排放量差异明显,碳排放强度逐年下降,空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐加大的趋势;（2）经济发展水平和对外开放程度是碳排放的主导因素,其他依次为能源消费结构、技术进步和城市化;（3）各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,不同时间、地区各驱动要素的波动方向和强度并不相同。在此基础上具体分析各地区碳排放驱动因素影响情况,为实现区域差异化碳减排策略提供指导。     

快速城市化对农村环境整治的影响和挑战研究

近年来中国农村环境整治力度不断加大,也面临着诸多挑战.其中影响最大的是中国当前的快速城市化进程.人口和其他资源要素在城乡的大规模快速迁移,对农村的社会经济造成了巨大的冲击,导致农村环境整治面临综合成本高、人力资本匮乏和社会资本涣散等诸多难题.为此,简单将城市环境治理的思路延续到农村地区,即以重工程技术轻治理机制、多部门投入缺乏有机整合以及政府包揽过多等为主要特征,很难真正发挥作用.需要站在城乡统筹发展的高度,农村环境整治与经济发展、社区振兴三位一体、系统推进.     

Conserving Connectivity: Some Lessons from Mountain Lions in Southern California

Abstract: Habitat corridors can be essential for persistence of wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. Although much research has focused on identifying species and places critical for conservation action, the conservation literature contains surprisingly few examples of corridors that actually have been protected and so provides little guidance for moving from planning through implementation. We examined a case study from southern California that combines monitoring of radio‐collared mountain lions (Puma concolor) with an assessment of land‐protection efforts to illustrate lessons learned while attempting to maintain ecological connectivity in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. As in many places, conservation scientists have provided science‐based maps of where conservation efforts should focus. But implementing corridors is a business decision based not solely on ecological information but also on cost, opportunity cost, investment risk, and other feasibility considerations. Here, the type and pattern of development is such that key connections will be lost unless they are explicitly protected. Keeping pace with conversion, however, has been difficult, especially because conservation efforts have been limited to traditional parcel‐by‐parcel land‐protection techniques. The challenges of and trade‐offs in implementation make it clear that in southern California, connectivity cannot be bought one parcel at a time. Effective land‐use plans and policies that incorporate conservation principles, such as California's Natural Communities Conservation Planning program, are needed to support the retention of landscape permeability. Lessons from this study have broad application, especially as a precautionary tale for places where such extensive and intensive development has not yet occurred. Given how limiting resources are for biodiversity conservation, conservationists must be disciplined about where and how they attempt corridor protection: in rapidly fragmenting landscapes, the opportunity for success can be surprisingly fleeting.     

Use of Large‐Scale Acoustic Monitoring to Assess Anthropogenic Pressures on Orthoptera Communities

Biodiversity monitoring at large spatial and temporal scales is greatly needed in the context of global changes. Although insects are a species‐rich group and are important for ecosystem functioning, they have been largely neglected in conservation studies and policies, mainly due to technical and methodological constraints. Sound detection, a nondestructive method, is easily applied within a citizen‐science framework and could be an interesting solution for insect monitoring. However, it has not yet been tested at a large scale. We assessed the value of a citizen‐science program in which Orthoptera species (Tettigoniidae) were monitored acoustically along roads. We used Bayesian model‐averaging analyses to test whether we could detect widely known patterns of anthropogenic effects on insects, such as the negative effects of urbanization or intensive agriculture on Orthoptera populations and communities. We also examined site‐abundance correlations between years and estimated the biases in species detection to evaluate and improve the protocol. Urbanization and intensive agricultural landscapes negatively affected Orthoptera species richness, diversity, and abundance. This finding is consistent with results of previous studies of Orthoptera, vertebrates, carabids, and butterflies. The average mass of communities decreased as urbanization increased. The dispersal ability of communities increased as the percentage of agricultural land and, to a lesser extent, urban area increased. Despite changes in abundances over time, we found significant correlations between yearly abundances. We identified biases linked to the protocol (e.g., car speed or temperature) that can be accounted for ease in analyses. We argue that acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera along roads offers several advantages for assessing Orthoptera biodiversity at large spatial and temporal extents, particularly in a citizen science framework. El Uso de Monitoreos Acústicos a Gran Escala para Estudiar las Presiones Antropogénicas sobre Comunidades de Orthoptera     

Occupational Safety and Health Status of Sanitation Workers in Urban Areas: A Pilot Study From Wuhan,China

Sanitation workers ‘ workload increases quickly with rapid urbanization, but there is almost no evidence or policy recommendations for their management in developing countries. This study describes the health status and occupational protection of sanitation workers; it also explores risk factors related to their health status in Wuhan City, China. Three hundred and eighty-five sanitation workers from 54 streets of Wuhan were surveyed. Their prevalence of 2-week illness and arthritis was relatively higher than in the general population in China. Findings related to occupational protection showed that both sanitation workers (users) and their managers (providers) neglected the role of low-cost protection measures, especially masks, soap/hand sani-tizer and prejob training (use rate of 7.27%, 26.75% and 43.64%, respectively). High-intensity workload was an important risk factor for 2-week illness, and prejob training was an important protective factor against arthritis.     

固体废物对城市生态环境的影响研究

针对在推进城市化中发挥生态环境优势的探讨,文中介绍了中国固体废物的现状,包括固体废弃物的定义及分类和固体废弃物的危害特性,探讨了新型城市废弃物的产生和发展趋势,探讨了在中国城市废弃物对大气和水体的污染,最后提出了中国新型城市化建设与保护生态环境的建议,要积极加快固体废弃物资源化处理、要积极加快气体、液体有害物收集及回用、要积极重视建筑节能与新能源开发利用和要积极利用城市废弃物,使城市生活废弃物得到有效利用。     

中国新型城镇化发展的“C 模式”研究

研究了以美国为首的发达国家城镇化的发展历程,称为“A模式”,主要特征为城市低密度蔓延、全民机动化、资源大量消耗、一次性产品泛滥、过度消费等,总结经验教训,对比中国特色城镇化的发展历程,称为“ B模式”,主要特点是起步晚、水平较低、速度快,从资源与环境的角度分析了中国城镇化发展状况以及面临的形势,指出中国继续以“B模式”的城镇化发展将不可持续,不再适应中国建设“新型城镇化”的发展目标和日益提高的环保要求,探索实现中国“新型城镇化”的发展目标的“C模式”,即是坚持以节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为原则,走以新型工业化和农业现代化推动下的新型城镇化道路。     

中国城镇化进程的工业污染与规制效应分析研究

利用2001年-2012年中国30个省级地区的面板数据,分别估计了城镇化的工业污染总量效应、相对量效应和规制效应.结果发现,不断扩张的工业污染是城镇化进程的“副产品”,城镇化率与工业污染排放总量及密度有显著的回归关系,尽管环境规制力度增强起到了一定抵消作用,但仍未阻止近十余年来工业污染排放总量及密度随城镇化而加剧的态势.为实现城镇化绿色循环低碳发展,中国一方面应继续加强环境规制,推广减排降耗技术,加大政府补贴,另一方面要着重提高企业清洁生产的能力和意愿.