我国乡村城市化中的环境问题及其对策

本文主要论述了我国乡村城市化过程中出现的环境问题,并提出了相应的对策。并通过实例说明加强小城镇的规划、正确进行功能分区、促进乡镇工业结构优化在解决小城镇环境问题中的重要作用。     

长株潭城市群经济社会发展与环境压力

长株潭城市群是湖南省的核心增长极,是"资源节约型社会、环境友好型社会"社会建设综合配套改革试验区,但伴随高速的工业化发展和城市化进程,长株潭面临着严峻的资源约束和环境压力。文章从土地利用格局、经济社会发展、环境质量状况、主要污染物排放和资源能源利用等方面入手,综合分析了长株潭城市群的环境压力,主要体现在长株潭城市群城市化与土地需求的矛盾凸显,"摊大饼"的扩张模式带来生态风险;重工业和污染排放集聚,累积性污染突出;环境空气质量和地表水环境质量形势不容乐观;资源能源利用方式粗放等。结合城市群区域规划,提出了长株潭城市群在新型城镇化建设中应采取的生态环境保护措施建议。     

水环境承载力约束下区域城镇化发展合理速度分析

城镇化发展在促进区域社会经济快速发展的同时也导致水环境问题日益严峻。基于区域水环境承载力探讨了城镇化发展合理速度的计量方法:①构建城镇化进程中水环境承载力评价系统,分析城镇化子系统及水环境承载力子系统的基本要素,建立评价指标体系;基于评价指标,利用向量模法测算水环境承载力综合评价值。②构建水环境承载力约束下的区域城镇化发展合理速度分析模型。③根据不同城镇化发展速度、政府不同管制力度设置9种组合情境,在对相关评价指标进行预测的基础上,分别测算不同情境下的水环境承载力综合评价值;通过“阈值”门槛筛选出合理情境,确定区域城镇化发展速度的合理范围。以经济实力强、城镇化水平高、水环境压力大、制度相对健全的江苏省作为研究区域进行实证分析,测算了2006—2017年江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值,以及2030年9种组合情境下的江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值。获得如下研究结论:①2006—2017年间江苏省水环境承载力虽呈现一定的波动,但2013年以后随着政府管制力度的加强,总体上呈现良好的上升态势,但水环境承载力下滑的压力已开始显现。②2030年9种组合情境中,只有“中/强”“低/强”“低/保持”满足水环境承载力阈值标准。结果表明:到2030年,政府对水环境管制力度“强”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展可以维持1.0%~1.2%的年增长率;政府对水环境管制力度“保持”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展只能维持1.0%的年增长率,并据此提出了政策建议。     

京津冀生态文明与城市化协调发展的时序与空间演变

构建反映生态文明与城市化发展内涵的两系统评价指标体系,以均方差决策法、耦合协调度模型、探索性空间数据分析(ESDA),借助Arc GIS软件从时间和空间两个维度定量分析京津冀13市2007—2016年生态文明与城市化的耦合协调关系及变化趋势。结果表明:①生态文明与城市化系统耦合协调度逐年提升,从2007年13市均处于拮抗发展阶段,到2016年实现较低水平协调,多数城市生态文明建设滞后于城市化进程。②生态文明与城市化耦合协调发展水平存在显著的全局正向空间自相关性,局部空间自相关性存在显著的空间集聚特征,处于高-高集聚区与低-低集聚区的城市最多,北京、廊坊和保定三地的局部空间自相关性最为显著,此三地对周围临近城市的辐射能力更强。基于分析结论,提出实现京津冀13市生态文明与城市化高质量耦合协调发展的策略:①将生态文明建设融入城市化进程,强力推进京津冀"弱势区域"生态文明建设与城市化"同频共振",推动京津两地优势资源向河北溢出和辐射。②强化三地的区域协作,促进共同发展,充分利用高水平集聚区的示范效应,带动和提升低水平集聚区协调发展,加强三地环境治理的联防联控,构建共建共治发展平台。③根据耦合协调度"中间高、南北低"的空间分布差异,三地政府还需根据自身特色,因地制宜研判和明确发展策略。     

辽宁沿海经济带城市化对气候影响的实证分析

以辽宁沿海经济带为研究对象,利用1997—2008年辽宁沿海各城市的城市化和气候指标,运用线性拟合、主成分分析方法探索城市化对气候的影响。结果表明,除盘锦和大连的气温在城市化影响下呈现微弱的下降趋势外,其他各地的年均温和年降水量均随着城市化进程的发展呈现波动性上升趋势。城市规模、产业结构合理水平、下垫面变化和城市环境共同构成葫芦岛、锦州、营口和大连城市气候变化的主要因素,而在盘锦和丹东,城市规模和城市环境是第一主成分,产业结构合理水平和下垫面变化是第二主成分。在未来的发展过程中,辽宁沿海经济带应控制人口数量,合理调整产业结构,减少污染物排放,增加绿地面积,从而协调城市化发展与气候之间的关系。     

江苏沿海开发与城市化协同发展研究

2009年江苏沿海开发上升为国家战略,江苏沿海地区城市化已站在新的起点上。阐述了江苏沿海城市化的发展状况,指出了在沿海开发过程中城市化发展存在的问题,提出了江苏沿海开发与城市化协同发展的战略思考。     

Ecosystem Consequences of Contrasting Flow Regimes in an Urban Effects Stream Mesocosm Study1

Abstract: A stream mesocosm experiment was conducted to study the ecosystem‐wide effects of two replicated flow hydrograph treatments programmed in an attempt to compare a simulated predevelopment condition to the theoretical changes that new development brings, while accounting for engineering design criteria for urban stormwater management. Accordingly, the treatments (three replicates each) differed in base flow between events and in the rise to, fall from, and duration of peak flow during simulated storm hydrographs, which were triggered by real rain events occurring outside over a 96‐day period from summer to fall, 2005. Incident irradiance, initial substrate quality, and water quality were similar between treatments. Sampling was designed to study the interactions among the treatment flow dynamics, sediment transport processes, streambed nutrients, and biotic structure and function. What appeared most important to the overall structure and function of the mesocosm ecosystems beyond those changes resulting from natural seasonality were (1) the initial mass of fines that infiltrated into the gravel bed, which had a persistent effect on nitrogen biogeochemistry and (2) the subsequent fine sediment accumulation rate, which was unexpectedly similar between treatments, and affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community equally as the experiment progressed. Invertebrate taxa preferring soft beds dominated when the gravel was comprised of 5‐10% fines. The dominant invertebrate algal grazer had vacated the channels when fines exceeded 15%, but this effect could not be separated from what appeared to be a seasonal decline in insect densities over the course of the study. Neither hydrograph treatment allowed for scour or other potential for flushing of fines. This demonstrated the potential importance of interactions between hydrology and fine sediment loading dynamics on stream ecosystems in the absence of flows that would act to mobilize gravel beds.     

Contribution of In‐Channel Processes to Sediment Yield of an Urbanizing Watershed1

Abstract: A study was conducted between September 2003 and September 2006 to obtain baseline sediment inventories and monitor sediment transport and storage along a 3.7 km length of the channel of Valley Creek within Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. Valley Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River and drains an urbanizing 60.6 km² watershed that currently has 18% impervious land cover. Numerous field methods were employed to measure the suspended sediment yield, longitudinal profile, cross‐sections, banklines, and particle size distribution of the streambed. Suspended sediment yield for the watershed was measured at a USGS gage located just upstream of the park boundary between July 2004 and July 2005, the period corresponding to field surveys of bank erosion and channel change. The estimated suspended sediment yield of 95.7 t/km²/year is representative of a year with unusually high discharge, including a storm event that produced a peak of 78 m³/s, the second highest discharge on record for the USGS gage. Based on the median annual streamflow for the 24 years of record at the USGS gage from 1983 to 2006, the median annual sediment yield is estimated to be closer to 34 t/km²/year, considerably lower than median and mean values for other sites within the region. The mass of silt, clay, and fine sand derived from bank erosion along the 3.7 km study reach during the field survey period accounts for an estimated 2,340 t, equivalent to about 43% of the suspended sediment load. The mass of fine sediment stored in the bed along the study reach was estimated at 1,500 t, with about 330 t of net erosion during the study period. Although bank erosion appears to be a potentially dominant source of sediment by comparison with annual suspended sediment load, bed sediment storage and potential for remobilization is of the same order of magnitude as the mass of sediment derived from bank erosion.     

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Stressor Gradients1

Abstract: This is the first in a series of three articles designed to establish empirically defined biological indicators and thresholds for impairment for urbanized catchments, and to describe a process by which the biological condition of waterbodies in urbanized catchments can be applied. This article describes alternative gradients of urbanization for assessing and selecting a nationally applicable biological index (article 2 – Purcell et al., this issue ) and defining the potential of biological communities within a gradient of cumulative stressors (article 3 – Paul et al. this issue ). Gradients were designed to represent the most prominent mosaic of stressors found in urban settings. A primary urban gradient was assembled based on readily obtained information of urbanization to include three broad‐scale parameters: percent urban land use/land cover, population density, and road density. This gradient was used as the standard by which alternative urban gradients, which included fine‐scale instream chemical and hydrologic parameters, were assessed. Five alternative gradients were developed to provide numerous environmental management options based on availability of data from water program resources. The urban gradients were developed with the intent that they be applied throughout the country; therefore, data from three different regions of the United States (Mid‐Atlantic, Midwest, and Pacific Coast) were used to validate the urban gradient model. Our study showed that a relatively straightforward stressor gradient consisting of human population density, road density, and urban land use is useful in providing a framework for developing relevant biological indicators and evaluating the potential of biological communities as a basis for assessing attainment of designated aquatic life use.     

江苏省沿江城市饮用水系统适应能力评估

在对饮用水系统适应能力界定的基础上,基于水源地、供水、用水、排污处理和技术5个子系统的适应性要素构建沿江城市饮用水系统适应能力评价指标体系和评价模型,采用分指数与综合指数法评估系统的适应能力水平、存在问题,并据此对江苏省沿江地区城市饮用水系统适应能力分异特征、类型及影响因素进行深入探讨。结果表明,南部环太湖地区城市饮用水系统适应能力高于中部滨江地区,北部地区适应能力最低;从各子系统适应能力得分情况来看,需加大对沿江地区水源地的保护力度,合理规划港口、码头等的布设;加快北部地区供排基础设施的建设,提高风险应急防范能力;南部环湖地区重点开展节水型企业与生态工业园区创建。