我国乡村城市化中的环境问题及其对策

本文主要论述了我国乡村城市化过程中出现的环境问题,并提出了相应的对策。并通过实例说明加强小城镇的规划、正确进行功能分区、促进乡镇工业结构优化在解决小城镇环境问题中的重要作用。     

Ecosystem Consequences of Contrasting Flow Regimes in an Urban Effects Stream Mesocosm Study1

Abstract: A stream mesocosm experiment was conducted to study the ecosystem‐wide effects of two replicated flow hydrograph treatments programmed in an attempt to compare a simulated predevelopment condition to the theoretical changes that new development brings, while accounting for engineering design criteria for urban stormwater management. Accordingly, the treatments (three replicates each) differed in base flow between events and in the rise to, fall from, and duration of peak flow during simulated storm hydrographs, which were triggered by real rain events occurring outside over a 96‐day period from summer to fall, 2005. Incident irradiance, initial substrate quality, and water quality were similar between treatments. Sampling was designed to study the interactions among the treatment flow dynamics, sediment transport processes, streambed nutrients, and biotic structure and function. What appeared most important to the overall structure and function of the mesocosm ecosystems beyond those changes resulting from natural seasonality were (1) the initial mass of fines that infiltrated into the gravel bed, which had a persistent effect on nitrogen biogeochemistry and (2) the subsequent fine sediment accumulation rate, which was unexpectedly similar between treatments, and affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community equally as the experiment progressed. Invertebrate taxa preferring soft beds dominated when the gravel was comprised of 5‐10% fines. The dominant invertebrate algal grazer had vacated the channels when fines exceeded 15%, but this effect could not be separated from what appeared to be a seasonal decline in insect densities over the course of the study. Neither hydrograph treatment allowed for scour or other potential for flushing of fines. This demonstrated the potential importance of interactions between hydrology and fine sediment loading dynamics on stream ecosystems in the absence of flows that would act to mobilize gravel beds.     

A Side‐by‐Side Comparison of Pervious Concrete and Porous Asphalt1

Welker, Andrea L., James D. Barbis, and Patrick A. Jeffers, 2012. A Side‐by‐Side Comparison of Pervious Concrete and Porous Asphalt. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 809‐819. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00654.x Abstract: This article compares the performance of two permeable pavements, pervious concrete and porous asphalt, that were installed side‐by‐side in fall 2007. Because the pavements are located directly adjacent to one another, they experience the same vehicle loads, precipitation, and pollution loads. These permeable pavements are part of an infiltration stormwater control measure (SCM). This article focuses on the comparison of water quality parameters, maintenance and durability, and user perception. Eleven different water quality parameters were analyzed at this site for 19 different storm events over a one year period: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, chlorides, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total dissolved copper, total dissolved lead, total dissolved cadmium, total dissolved chromium, and total dissolved zinc. Results from the two pavement types were compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The only parameter that was found to be statistically different between the two pavements was pH. Periodic inspection of the two pavement types indicated that after two years of use both pavements were wearing well. However, there was some evidence of clogging of both pavements and some evidence of surface wear. A survey of users of the lot indicated that the perception of these permeable pavements was favorable.     

上海城市用地扩展强度、模式及其空间分异特征

基于多时段TM遥感影像资料,通过有关城市扩展度量指标和网格样方法等空间分析手段的综合应用,论文对上海地区城市扩展规模、强度和空间分异特征进行了研究,结果表明:①上海市区各时期城市用地扩展相对集中于宝山-闵行、嘉定-浦东等方向,并分别构成城市扩展的南北轴向和东西轴向,不同时期各轴向城市用地扩展性质和强度有明显差异,从而使各时期城市扩展表现为以城镇用地为主(1987～1990)到城镇用地与工业开发区并存(1990～1995)以及以工业开发区扩展为主(1995～2000)的形式;②整个上海地区城市化扩展模式在不同时期也发生了很大变化,由较简单的以中心市区及周边区域为主的“单核扩展”为主的模式,逐渐转变为较复杂的包括中心城区、卫星城、郊区城镇以及交通干道等周边区域的“多核扩展”和“点-轴扩展”模式,整个区域城市网络体系发育得更为完善,城市土地利用的功能也由简单趋于复杂和多元化;③从城市土地利用扩展的两种类型看,城镇用地与新开发区的扩展规模和速度及对城市土地利用扩展的贡献率等数量特征各时期存在着极为显著的差异。     

The Fuzzy Synthesizing Evaluation of City's Environmental Quality Based on GIOWA Operator: A Case of 13 Cities of Jiangsu Province

Abstract

In this paper, the generally induced ordered weighted averaging (GIOWA) operator is used to construct the fuzzy evaluating system of the quality of a city's environment including air, water and noise. Based on the part data of air, water and noise of the 13 cities under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu provincial government in 2002, a case study is given. The evaluating results show that the evaluating system of the quality of a city's environment based on the GIOWA operator can reflect the condition of pollution controlled and environmental quality of a city in a period of time.     

城市化发展的营力系统分析--兼论我国城市化影响因子与可持续城市化战略选择

城市化是一个系统、动态和适应性的过程。受诸多因素的交互影响。城市化系统的发展运行与其所受营力作用息息相关。城市化营力系统由外营力子系统和内营力子系统相互作用。共同构成。前者含城市化的驱动力、支撑力和阻滞力。后者由压力、拉力和阻力组成。本文通过对我国城市化发展的营力系统进行分析。指出经济基础薄弱、产业驱动效率低下、资源环境约束以及城市化发展观念制度落后等。是我国当前实施城市化战略。促进经济社会可持续发展的主要障碍。在此基础上。提出我国应按照协调性、区域性和效益性原则．实施可持续城市化发展战略。     

三峡库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系定量辨识

受人文社会规律支配的城市化过程与受自然规律制约的生态环境演化过程之间,通过种种复杂的胁迫与约束机制,具有双指数倒U型曲线的耦合演化规律性。如果以区域内不同城镇构成的空间样本来测算城市化与生态环境之间的耦合关系,其耦合曲线通常有以下5种型式：下降、正U、上升、倒U和再下降。该演化序列符合否定之否定的发展规律。通过相关分析、主成分分析和层次分析等方法,对三峡库区15个区县的城市化水平和生态环境状况作了综合评价,并在综合和分组两个层面对二者耦合关系进行了定量辨识。结果表明：通过空间样本反映的重庆库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系曲线为正U型,揭示出库区城市化与生态环境耦合演化的二元性;城市化与生态环境沿长江自西向东具有基本一致的变化趋势,说明现阶段库区城市化对生态环境的依赖性大于其破坏性。     

Conserving Connectivity: Some Lessons from Mountain Lions in Southern California

Abstract: Habitat corridors can be essential for persistence of wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. Although much research has focused on identifying species and places critical for conservation action, the conservation literature contains surprisingly few examples of corridors that actually have been protected and so provides little guidance for moving from planning through implementation. We examined a case study from southern California that combines monitoring of radio‐collared mountain lions (Puma concolor) with an assessment of land‐protection efforts to illustrate lessons learned while attempting to maintain ecological connectivity in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. As in many places, conservation scientists have provided science‐based maps of where conservation efforts should focus. But implementing corridors is a business decision based not solely on ecological information but also on cost, opportunity cost, investment risk, and other feasibility considerations. Here, the type and pattern of development is such that key connections will be lost unless they are explicitly protected. Keeping pace with conversion, however, has been difficult, especially because conservation efforts have been limited to traditional parcel‐by‐parcel land‐protection techniques. The challenges of and trade‐offs in implementation make it clear that in southern California, connectivity cannot be bought one parcel at a time. Effective land‐use plans and policies that incorporate conservation principles, such as California's Natural Communities Conservation Planning program, are needed to support the retention of landscape permeability. Lessons from this study have broad application, especially as a precautionary tale for places where such extensive and intensive development has not yet occurred. Given how limiting resources are for biodiversity conservation, conservationists must be disciplined about where and how they attempt corridor protection: in rapidly fragmenting landscapes, the opportunity for success can be surprisingly fleeting.     

江苏省城市化与生态环境的耦合规律分析

对江苏省城市化与生态环境耦合规律的研究显示：①江苏省各个环境压力要素和城市化耦合的规律与特征相差很大．其影响的主要原因也不完全相同。不仅量现出“U”型、倒“U”或“N”型靓律。还表现出阶段性特征,所以实际中的耦合规律曲线就更为复杂。不再是简单“U”或饲“U”型。而是它们的复合;②只有广义技术进步的速度达到或超过经济总量增长速度时。城市化与环境压力要素耦合的倒“U”型曲线才可能形成。所以工业技术进步、产业结构转换和不同环境政策以及经济增长的压力等可以解释这些规律形成的内在机制。     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。