兰州市黄河风情线地表积尘及周边绿地土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究城市滨河公园景区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险和健康风险,选择兰州市黄河风情线沿线的游园、广场和主题公园为研究区,分别采集了27个地表积尘和26个周边绿地表土样品.采用地累积指数(I_geo)、单因子污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(P_N)和改进的潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Hg和Pb这8种重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用暴露风险模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤As含量的平均值略低于甘肃省土壤元素背景值,但地表积尘的其余元素均高于甘肃省和兰州市元素背景值,而周边绿地除Cr和Ni元素略低于甘肃省和兰州市的背景值之外,其余Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb含量的平均值却高于两者的背景值.地累积指数和单因子污染指数显示,研究区地表积尘受到Cr、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染,沿途绿地土壤存在不同程度的Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染.内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤的综合污染程...     

云南5城市道路扬尘PM2.5中重金属含量表征及健康风险

为研究云南城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属含量、来源和其健康风险,分别在昆明、保山、文山、昭通和玉溪这5个典型城市区域采集道路扬尘样品,使用颗粒物再悬浮技术将尘样悬浮并采集PM_2.5,利用ICP-MS检测PM_2.5中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)等8种重金属.结果表明,5城市道路扬尘Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn和Pb含量均严重超过云南土壤背景值;富集因子表明,云南5城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属多数表现为中度富集和强烈富集,受人为活动影响较大.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,云南省不同类型城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属均受土壤源和交通源影响;其余来源差异性较大：昆明受钢铁冶炼源影响、保山和玉溪受有色金属冶炼源影响、昭通受燃煤源影响.健康风险分析表明：昆明、玉溪和昭通的道路扬尘PM_2.5中Cr、 Pb和As存在儿童非致癌风险,昆明市的Cr还存在终身致癌风险.     

生态系统健康效果-费用分析方法在广州城市生态规划中的应用

生态系统健康是应用生态学界近年来的研究热点和前沿,并且已被越来越多地应用到城市生态研究中.在广州城市生态规划研究中,尝试将生态系统健康评价方法应用到生态规划方案的评估与决策中.首先建立城市生态系统健康评价指标体系,然后对提出的生态规划方案进行费用效果分析,用以指导方案的选择与决策.在费用效果分析中,以方案所需投资作为费用,以方案实施后能促使城市生态系统达到的健康程度作为效果.本文采用5个要素,即活力、组织结构、恢复力、维持生态系统服务功能、对人类健康的影响等,来构建城市生态系统健康的评价指标体系.通过对这5个要素的进一步理解和分析,提出了初步的城市生态系统健康评价指标体系,包括12个类别,49个指标.为确保这些指标之间相互独立,搜集广州市1991-2000年间49个指标的样本数据进行主成分分析筛选掉对总体贡献很小的指标,保留对总体贡献较大的指标,确定了最终的评价指标体系,同时也得出了各指标的权重.最后,通过测算规划方案中各类型的生态环境建设项目投资力度在变动±10%、±20%、±50%时,对生态系统健康状况改善的影响程度,以掌握各生态环境建设项目对于城市整体生态健康水平的重要性排序,为优先安排生态环境建设项目提供决策参考依据.     

Exploring public perceptions of solutions to tree diseases in the UK: Implications for policy-makers

Tree diseases are on the increase in many countries and the implications of their appearance can be political, as well as ecological and economic. Preventative policy approaches to tree diseases are difficult to formulate because dispersal pathways for pest and pathogens are numerous, poorly known and likely to be beyond human management control. Genomic techniques could offer the quickest and most predictable approach to developing a disease tolerant native ash.The population of European Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior) has suffered major losses in the last decade, due to the onset of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (previously called Chalara Fraxinea) commonly known in the UK as ash dieback. This study presents evidence on the public acceptability of tree-breed solutions to the spread of Chalara, with the main aim to provide science and policy with an up-stream ‘steer’ on the likely public acceptability of different tree breeding solutions. The findings showed that whilst there was a firm anti-GM and ‘we shouldn’t tamper with nature’ attitude among UK publics, there was an equally firm and perhaps slightly larger pragmatic attitude that GM (science and technology) should be used if there is a good reason to do so, for example if it can help protect trees from disease and help feed the world. The latter view was significantly stronger among younger age groups (Millennials), those living in urban areas and when the (GM)modified trees were destined for urban and plantation, rather than countryside settings. Overall, our findings suggest that the UK government could consider genomic solutions to tree breeding with more confidence in the future, as large and influential publics appear to be relaxed about the use of genomic techniques to increase tolerance of trees to disease.     

土地健康与土地资源可持续利用

土地健康是伴随可持续发展战略的实施而兴起的一个土地资源研究方向，对土地资源可持续利用的实现有着很大的实践指导意义。本文在分析土地健康内涵的基础上，论述了土地健康与土地资源可持续利用的关系，并进而针对我国土地资源的特点，提出加强土地健康研究，促进土地资源可持续利用的主要对策措施。     

Climate change and human health in Latin America: drivers, effects, and policies

Many people would be increasingly affected by living under critical conditions in Latin America if, as expected, global warming aggravates disease and pest transmission processes. Heat waves and air pollution would increase heat-related diseases and illness episodes in large cities. Fire smoke has been associated with irritation of the throat, lung and eyes, and respiratory problems. Climate extreme increases associated with climate change would cause physical damage, population displacement, and adverse effects on food production, freshwater availability and quality. It would also increase the risks of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Climate change impacts the geographical range, seasonality, and the incidence rate of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. Climate-related ecological changes may expand cholera transmission, particularly among populations in low-laying tropical coastal areas. El Niño conditions may affect the incidence of infectious diseases, such as malaria. Ocean warming would increase temperature-sensitive toxins produced by phytoplankton, which could cause more frequent contamination of seafood. A clearer understanding on the current role of climate change in disease patterns will be able to improve forecasts of potential future impacts of projected climate change and support action to reduce such impacts.     

Sustaining Economic Welfare: Estimating Changes in Total and Per Capita Wealth

Genuine saving measures the real change in0 total wealth, factoring in the depreciation of produced assets, depletion of natural resources, pollution damages, and expenditures on education. This paper presents a theoretical framework for measuring changes in wealth in total and per capita terms, establishes the link between savings measures and prospects for social welfare, and provides summary empirical estimates of the savings measures. China excepted, the majority of countries below median income are distinguished by apparent declines in total wealth per capita.     

The mental health of expatriate and Kosovar Albanian humanitarian aid workers

The mental health consequences of exposure to traumatic events and the risk factors for psychological morbidity among expatriate and Kosovar Albanian humanitarian aid workers have not been well studied. In June 2000, we used standardised screening tools to survey 285 (69.5%) of 410 expatriate aid workers and 325 (75.8%) of 429 Kosovar Albanian aid workers from 22 humanitarian organizations that were implementing health programmes in Kosovo. The mean number of trauma events experienced by expatriates was 2.8 (standard deviation: 2.7) and by Kosovar staff 3.2 (standard deviation: 2.8). Although only 1.1% of expatriate and 6.2% of Kosovar aid workers reported symptoms consistent with the diagnosis for post-traumatic stress disorder, 17.2% and 16.9%, respectively, reported symptoms satisfying the definition of depression. Regression analysis demonstrated that the number of trauma events experienced was significantly associated with depression for the two sets of workers. Organisational support services may be an important mediating factor and should be targeted at both groups.     

江苏泰州城市霾天和沙尘天气溶胶中细菌群落结构特征研究

近年来,空气污染已成为长三角地区最关键的环境问题之一,气溶胶颗粒物(PM)是最主要的污染物之一.生物气溶胶作为颗粒物的重要组成部分,可能对空气质量和人体健康产生不利影响.利用高通量测序方法研究了江苏省泰州2019年11月至2020年1月期间发生沙尘和霾污染时生物气溶胶中细菌群落结构组成特征.结果表明:冬季沙尘天和霾天气...     

Some Lessons Learned from Public Health on the Process of Adaptation

Lessons learned from more than 150 years of public health research and intervention can provide insights to guide public health professionals and institutions as they design and implement specific strategies, policies, and measures to increase resilience to climate variability and change. This paper identifies both some modifications to public health systems that may enhance adaptive capacity, and lessons drawn from the history of managing environmental and other threats in the public health sector that may have relevance for other sectors as they design approaches to increase their adaptive capacity to more effectively cope with climate variability and change. The views expressed are the author’s own and do not represent official US EPA policy.