大亚湾和四十里湾附近海域表层沉积物中无机碳形态研究

采用连续浸取法对位于亚热带的大亚湾和温带的四十里湾附近海域的表层沉积物样品中无机碳的赋存形态进行了研究,将无机碳分为可交换态（NaCl相）、弱碱浸取态（NH.3H2O相）、强碱浸取态（NaOH相）、弱酸浸取态（NH2OH.HCl相）和残渣态,测定了相关地球化学参数粒度组成和总有机碳（TOC）.结果表明,NH2OH.HC...     

云对太阳紫外辐射的影响

云对到达地面的太阳紫外辐射有着重要的影响,根据在香河综合观测站１年的观测资料,利用相关分析,得到了计算云天条件下太阳紫外总辐射的一种经验公式,计算结果比较令人满意。对阴天太阳紫外总辐射的减弱作了简单的分析。     

灌溉水库群优化调度的AD模型

随着国民经济的不断发展,工农业用水日益增长,但可供利用的水资源有限,使得供水与需水矛盾加剧。因此,对流域内或流域间的水库进行联合调度和管理,将有限的水资源统筹安排、挖掘潜力、充分发挥现有工程的效益、提高供水的保证程度即对水库实施优化调度很有现实意义。本文应用系统分析方法,建立了灌溉水库群优化调度的聚合分解(AD)模型,以保证在系统整体效益最优条件下得出各库的最佳运行策略,从而使水库的运行管理建立在科学的基础之上。     

上海市废水排放趋势分析

用可持续发展评价指标体系中的部分驱动力指标或源指标，结合同期上海市的主要宏观经济数据，对上海市20年来的废水排放量及其污染负荷等重要环境指标进行了趋势分析。分析结果显示，20世纪80年代以来，上海市废水及其污染物排放总量的增长均大幅度低于GDP的增长速度，工业污染物的排放控制与削减成效显著。虽然，上海市大部分表征可持续发展的源指标在国内均处于领先地位，但与工业国家相比，还存在明显差距：上海市在综合生活污水及其污染物排放等非工业污染物方面的控制力度相对较小，综合生活废水量和污染物排放量成为上海市最重要的水环境点污染源。     

水铁矿及其胶体对砷的吸附与吸附形态

采用吸附实验,通过吸附动力学和吸附等温模型,研究了水铁矿及其胶体对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力.在此基础上,使用连续提取和As化学形态提取技术分别对水铁矿及其胶体固相上吸附As的结合形态和化学形态进行提取分析.吸附动力学研究以及Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附等温模型拟合结果表明,水铁矿及其胶体对As的吸附为多层吸附,且易于进行.水铁矿胶体对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附量分别为194.8 g·kg~(-1)和107.3 g·kg~(-1),而水铁矿对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力分别为155.2 g·kg~(-1)和104.4 g·kg~(-1),均低于水铁矿胶体.水铁矿及其胶体吸附的As以专性吸附As、无定形铁氧化物结合As和晶型铁氧化物结合As形式存在,胶体上未形成残渣态As.因此,水铁矿胶体吸附As的牢固程度低于吸附As后形成残渣态As的水铁矿,且所吸附的As容易重新释放到环境中,增加环境风险.水铁矿单独存在时不具有将As(Ⅴ)还原为As(Ⅲ)的能力.     

邀山阁游客流量控制研究

邀山阁是一座4层砖石结构楼阁,目前西北角墙体倾斜严重且墙体、石柱存在竖向裂缝。基于保护邀山阁的需要,应用等效体积单元(RVE)进行墙体的有限元分析,通过调整弹性模量和优化有限元模型来模拟砌体带裂缝时的工作状态;在应力值及其变化值比较大的关键部位选取了26个控制点,进行应力包络分析;在合理的安全系数和游客荷载最不利工况下,得到了邀山阁游客的合理控制数量。本研究将有益于古建筑的长期保护和合理开发利用。     

Metals in vineyard soils of the Penedès area (NE Spain) after compost application

The application of organic wastes to improve soil physical characteristics in mechanized vineyards planted after land levelling is becoming a common practice in Mediterranean areas. It may be useful as an additional source of organic matter and nutrients, but these wastes could also have negative effects due to their metal content. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of compost application on soil metal contents in mechanized vineyard soils of the Spanish Mediterranean area, where this practice is repeated every three years. The study was carried out in a ten-year-old vineyard where the main soil type is Typic Calcixerept. Composted cattle manure was applied in alternate rows, at a rate of 40 Mgha(-1) dry-weight. Nine sampling points were located along the slopes of two plots: a levelled plot prepared for mechanization with large soil disturbance movements within the plot, and a plot of undisturbed soil. At each location, soil samples were taken in both treated and untreated soils. Total concentrations (digestion with aqua regia) and the extractable DTPA (Diethylene-triaminepentacetic)-CaCl2-TEA (Triethanolamine) fractions of Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed in each sample. For Cu and Zn, the initial concentration was higher in the undisturbed plot. In both cases, total Cu and total Zn were positively affected by manure input and the concentration in treated soils was significantly higher than in untreated soil. For Mn, the initial concentration was higher in disturbed soils than in undisturbed ones, and although in both scenarios the concentrations increased with manure, no significant differences were found between treated and untreated soils. The extractable fraction also increased in treated versus untreated soils, although for Cu and Mn the extractable/total metal ratio was similar in treated and untreated soils. After one compost application, total metal contents increased significantly, particularly for Zn. Most of those metals are accumulated in the soil, due to the soil characteristics.     

Aerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent

In this study treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated using aerobic oxidation based on an activated sludge process. The effects of sludge volume index, scum index and mixed liquor suspended solids during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase were investigated in order to ascertain the reactor stability. The efficiency of the activated sludge process was evaluated by treating anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME obtained from Golden Hope Plantations, Malaysia. The treatment of POME was carried out at a fixed biomass concentration of 3900+/-200mg/L, whereas the corresponding sludge volume index was found to be around 105+/-5mL/g. The initial studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out using diluted raw POME for varying the hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30 and 36h and influent COD concentration, viz: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000mg/L, respectively. The results showed that at the end of 36h of hydraulic retention time for the above said influent COD, the COD removal efficiencies were found to be 83%, 72%, 64%, 54% and 42% whereas at 24h hydraulic retention time they were 57%, 45%, 38%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The effectiveness of aerobic oxidation was also compared between anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME having corresponding CODs of 3908 and 3925mg/L, for varying hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60h. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH in the activated sludge reactor were found to be 1.8-2.2mg/L and 7-8.5, respectively. The scum index was found to rise from 0.5% to 1.9% during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase.     

水泥土搅拌桩的桩径分析

针对搅拌桩施工会引起周围土体的位移及产生很高的超静孔隙水压力的工程现象,首先分析了搅拌桩施工中固化剂的注入体积与膨胀压力、成桩直径的关系。结果表明,5%~10%的注入浆液的体积可以对周围土体产生1.8~3.0倍不排水抗剪强度的膨胀压力,成桩直径比搅拌叶片的名义直径大5%~10%。然后量测室内模型桩、现场搅拌桩的成桩直径,分析了注入浆液的体积与成桩直径的关系。结果表明,对于深度不太大的水泥土搅拌桩,有约45%的注入体积会通过上浮隆起的土体损失掉;大约5%的注入体积通过劈裂裂缝渗入到周围土体中;大约50%的注入体积会转化为成桩直径,使桩体膨胀5%~10%,即实测桩径比搅拌叶片的名义直径大5%~10%。     

高地下水位地区透水停车场的水文控制效果

为确定高地下水位地区透水铺装对路面径流的水文控制效果,在上海市区建造了4个实验性透水铺装单元与1个不透水铺装对照,其中3个为设有防水衬底的不透型设施分别为透水混凝土铺装(设施Ⅰ)、水泥稳定碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅱ)、碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅲ),1个普通缝隙透水砖铺装(设施Ⅳ),以及1个不透水混凝土对照(设施0).历时1年监测了实际降雨条件下4种实验设施的表面径流、排水管出流流量及表面渗透速率,考察不同设施的径流总量削减率、峰值削减及峰现延迟能力.结果表明,缝隙透水砖面层的表面稳定渗透速率明显小于透水混凝土面层,使用1年后,2种面层表面稳定渗透速率均明显下降;4种设施的表面产流均无显著差异;3种不透型设施的就地消纳水量能力均较弱,年径流总量控制率分别为24.2%、28.5%、28.4%,排水管不发生出流的控制降雨量分别为5.2 mm、7.8 mm、7.8 mm;设施Ⅰ的峰值削减与峰现延迟效果弱于设施Ⅱ及设施Ⅲ,且3种设施的峰值削减率和峰现延迟时间与降雨强度呈现显著负相关性.