黑龙江省的凌汛灾害及其区域划分

根据黑龙江黑河,嫩江（齐齐哈尔、富拉尔基）,佳木斯和哈尔滨四个水文站３０多年的冰情观测记录,分析了黑龙江省河流的冰情特点和凌汛灾害,计算了相应河段５０年一遇和百年一遇流冰厚度极值。最后对黑龙江省河流冰情、凌汛灾害进行了区域划分,为相关的冰工程设计提供了科学合的依据。     

贡献权重叠加法的滑坡危险度区划研究

介绍的贡献权重叠加的滑坡危险度区划方法,是基于GIS技术将环境本底因子对滑坡发育的贡献作用进行量化统计后,通过贡献率与权重的转换,分别计算这些因子的自权重和互权重,再与每一个因子叠加。该方法的特点是评价模型简单,选取的因子指标可以直接从数值图件和野外调查中获得,定量化效果明显。     

中国地震应急二级分区的初步研究

在已有地震应急宏观分区研究的基础上,首先讨论了进一步开展地震应急次级分区的意义及其分区方案的多样性;然后提取“政治经济强辐射中心、少数民族聚居区、贫困人口聚居区、侨乡、大型工业危险源”等5方面社会经济因素在不同县域内的10种主要组合类型作为区划指标,采取“自下而上归并”的区划途径,进行了中国地震应急二级分区研究。结果表明,在将我国大陆划分为8个地震应急一级大区的基础上,从社会经济角度又可大致划分出19个二级区;二级区的划分进一步揭示了不同地区开展地震应急工作时应注意的一些较具体的社会经济问题及其空间配置特点;两级分区的结合从“宏观概括”和“中观具体”两个层次示范了地震应急分区研究的基本内容。     

辽东海岸带资源的新资料及意义

本文以最新调查资料为依据,在表述辽东淤泥质海岸基本轮廓的基础上,讨论了潮滩生物、土地、潮汐能等资源特征及开发潜力,并提出以潮滩横向分带性为理论依据的人工生态模式。     

滇中地区砂岩铜矿矿物分带特征及其成因意义

滇中地区砂岩铜矿形成于紫色层向浅色层过渡的氧化还原界面附近 ,矿体具有明显的矿物分带 ,从紫色层向浅色层 ,金属矿物依次按赤铁矿→辉铜矿→斑铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿变化 ,这种分带有两种表现形式 :一种为顺层分带 ,另一种为垂直分带。引起矿物分带的原因是由于具氧化性的含铜卤水和具还原性的含硫溶液相互反应 ,造成了不同矿物的先后沉淀。     

滨海盐沼及其植物群落的分布与多样性

滨海盐沼是广泛存在于世界中、高纬度地区的一种湿地生态系统,具有抵御风暴潮灾害、净化污染物和为珍稀濒危生物提供适宜生境等重要的生态和经济价值。滨海盐沼因随高程变化而急剧变化的环境梯度和植物带状分布现象而为生态学者阐释自然界物种的分布机制提供了理想系统。主要概述了滨海盐沼的定义、特点、类型、全球分布以及潮汐作用、土壤盐度等环境因子特征;阐述了不同尺度下滨海盐沼的植物群落分布和多样性特征。在滨海盐沼植物群落的分布特征上,重点阐述了中尺度下的植物带状分布,即植物群落往往在白海向陆渐高的不同高程梯度上表现出显著的分带分布,不同植物各自占据该梯度上的一定区域。通常认为,带状分布是植物竞争和物理性胁迫共同调控的结果,但其在不同地理区域的普适性仍存争议。滨海植物群落多样性往往较低,在中、小尺度上盐沼植物多样性受控于盐度、潮汐等物理性胁迫、植物间相互作用等因子的作用;在大尺度上盐沼植物多样性可能随纬度增大而增加。系统深入地认识滨海盐沼植物群落生态格局和过程,将为气候变化、生物入侵等人类影响下的滨海盐沼生态系统的管理和恢复提供有益经验。     

Chemical composition of rivers and streams in the forest and savanna zones of Nigeria

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in the chemical conditions of lotic waterbodies in the two major ecosystems in Nigeria, the forest and savanna zones. The forest waters were slightly acidic (mean±SD pH = 6.72±0.58) while the savanna waters were slightly alkaline (pH = 7.11±0.33). The cationic order of dominance in the forest waters was Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ in contrast to Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ in savanna waters. The forest waters were chlorided (typical of coastal and/or marine waters) whereas the savanna waters were carbonated in nature, typical of the worldwide freshwater. Organic carbon was significantly higher in forest waters than in the savanna waters (p < 0.05) while nutrient compounds were significantly higher in savanna waters than in forest waters. The seasonal variation of the chemical parameters was generally more evident in savanna than in forest waters. The differences in water quality between the two major vegetation zones reflect the differences in the biogeochemical processes and nutrient cycling that characterise forest and savanna ecosystems.     

潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区

将GIS技术、ArcSWAT模型与分析技术相结合,以农耕养殖程度较高的北京密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,通过对流域近20年非点源污染负荷时空变异情况进行模拟,识别影响非点源污染流失的关键因子,进行非点源污染控制区划.结果表明,总氮和总磷年均负荷量分别为563.3,28.7t/a,氮磷负荷空间分布特征表现为:丰水年以地势较高且农业耕作活动频繁区域为主,平水年和枯水年表现为靠近河道的农业用地与畜禽养殖区为主.采用多因素方差分析11种不同因素对流域非点源污染负荷的影响程度表明,施肥量是影响氮磷输出的最主要的因子,坡长、土壤类型、土地利用方式及坡度是影响氮磷输出的次重要因子;针对潮河流域长期传统耕作以及化肥过量施用的现状,土壤有机磷的含量也会对总磷的输出产生一定的影响.潮河流域可划分为3个污染控制区,第1类:污染控制区(以近河道耕种区为主,面积186.74km²),第2类:污染治理区(农村生活及畜禽养殖区为主,面积23.09km²),第3类:生态修复区(高坡度强降雨区为主,面积1365.25km²).该研究结果可有效提升流域非点源污染治理的效率,为水源地流域环境保护提供参考.     

GIS在云南鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区中的应用

鲁甸县地质灾害类型众多,主要有滑坡、泥石流、崩塌、地裂缝等。通过量化地质灾害形成的指标,建立属性数据库,采用地理信息系统进行空间分析,以量化数据为依据,制作鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区图。     

Relative Importance of Intrinsic,Extrinsic, and Anthropic Factors in the Geomorphic Zonation of the Trinity River,Texas1

Phillips, Jonathan D., 2010. Relative Importance of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Anthropic Factors in the Geomorphic Zonation of the Trinity River, Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 807-823. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00457.x Abstract: The Trinity River, Texas, was characterized according to its geologic framework, valley width and confinement, slope, sinuosity, channel-floodplain connectivity, and flow regime, leading to the identification of 18 hinge points along the 638 km study area where major transitions in two or more criteria occur. These, and effects of human agency, avulsions, and sea level rise, delineate 21 river styles or zones. Each zone was evaluated with respect to dominant factors determining its geomorphological characteristics: geology/lithology, tectonics, Holocene sea level rise, meandering, cutoffs and other lateral channel changes, avulsions, valley constrictions by alluvial terraces, and paleomeander depressions. Direct human influences (a large impoundment and water withdrawals) are also evident. Entropy of the relationships between these controls and the geomorphological zones shows that all the controls are significant, and each accounts for 4-15% of the total entropy. Geologic controls, lateral channel changes, and constriction by terraces are the three most influential controls, illustrating that controls on river morphology include extrinsic boundary conditions, active process-form interrelationships, and inherited features. Extrinsic and intrinsic controls each account for about a third of the entropy, but the latter includes antecedent features as well as active channel dynamics, underscoring the importance of historical contingency even in alluvial rivers.