Sustainability: a Dissent

Abstract:  Broadly conceived and considered in its many usages, sustainability has grave defects as a planning goal, particularly when used by conservationists: it confuses means and ends; it is vague about what is being sustained and who or what is doing the sustaining; it is uninspiring; it is little more than Pinchot-era conservation (and thus ignores the many lessons learned since then); it need not be linked to land, to the land's functioning, or to any ecological science; it need not include a moral component; it is consistent with the view of humans as all-powerful manipulators of the planet; and, in general, it is such a malleable term that its popularity provides only a facade of consensus. When sustainability is defined broadly to include the full range of economic and social aspirations, it poses the particular risk that ecological and biodiversity concerns will be cast aside in favor of more pressing human wants. Given these many defects, the conservation movement should discard the term in favor of a more alluring goal, attentive to nature and its ecological functioning. A sound goal would incorporate and distill the considerable ecological and moral wisdom accumulated since Pinchot's day while giving conservationists the rhetorical tools needed to defend the land against competing pressures. In our view, conservation would be well served by an updated variant of "land health," Aldo Leopold's ecologically grounded goal from the 1940s. Land health as an independent understanding should set the essential terms of how we live and enjoy the earth, providing the framework within which we pursue our many social and economic aims.     

王心芳会长在2006年全国环保产业协会工作会议上的讲话(摘录)

中国环境保护产业协会王心芳会长在2006年7月18-19日在北京召开的全国环境保护产业协会工作会议上，就我国环保产业的现状及存在的主要问题、环保产业“十一五”期间面临的形势及“十一五”期间中国环境保护产业协会主要的工作思路做了讲话（本文为讲话摘录）。     

移动通信基站电磁辐射环境保护与评价浅析

通过对移动通信基站天线的电磁辐射分析和探讨,归纳了移动通信基站建设在施工期、营运期环境保护工作的重点与措施,对电磁环境影响评价制度与方法进行了系统的描述,并指出了今后的工作方向。     

高压输电线路的工频电磁场对环境的影响分析及对策建议

依据《500kV超高压送变电工程电磁辐射环境影响评价技术规范》（HJ/T24-1998）中的预测模式,分析不同技术参数对输电线路周围环境工频电磁场强度的影响,并有针对性地提出减少输电线路对周围环境影响的环境保护措施及优化输电线路的架设方式。     

一般工业固废填埋场建设项目环境监理探析

介绍了一般工业固废填埋场工程的特点和环境监理的现状;结合填埋场项目环境监理工作的实践,分析并总结了填埋场建设项目环境监理要点,即制订切实的监理方案,对工程的关键部位、关键工序做好巡视、旁站监理工作,在实施过程中做好水土保持、生态保护的监理工作。     

页岩气开采对环境的影响及规避方法探讨

目前我国页岩气的开发正处于初级阶段,很多生产关键技术尚不成熟,页岩气开发过程中的废压裂液、甲烷漏失、水资源污染等都将会带来一系列环境问题。针对页岩气带来的环境问题,在对开采区域地质情况充分认识的基础上,通过采用先进的钻完井技术,控制压裂液和甲烷的漏失,减少对地层的破坏和水资源的污染;加强对返排废液处理技术的研究力度,优化处理结果;落实针对页岩气开发与环境保护的法律法规等,规避页岩气开采对环境的影响。在借鉴国外开采经验的同时,建议研发适合我国页岩气储层特点的开采技术,改进已有工艺,创新技术和理论。     

Assessment of oral bioaccessibility of arsenic in playground soil in Madrid (Spain): a three-method comparison and implications for risk assessment

Three methodologies to assess As bioaccessibility were evaluated using playground soil collected from 16 playgrounds in Madrid, Spain: two (Simplified Bioaccessibility Extraction Test: SBET, and hydrochloric acid-extraction: HCl) assess gastric-only bioaccessibility and the third (Physiologically Based Extraction Test: PBET) evaluates mouth-gastric-intestinal bioaccessibility. Aqua regia-extractable (pseudo total) As contents, which are routinely employed in risk assessments, were used as the reference to establish the following percentages of bioaccessibility: SBET - 63.1; HCl - 51.8; PBET - 41.6, the highest values associated with the gastric-only extractions. For Madrid playground soils - characterised by a very uniform, weakly alkaline pH, and low Fe oxide and organic matter contents - the statistical analysis of the results indicates that, in contrast with other studies, the highest percentage of As in the samples was bound to carbonates and/or present as calcium arsenate. As opposed to the As bound to Fe oxides, this As is readily released in the gastric environment as the carbonate matrix is decomposed and calcium arsenate is dissolved, but some of it is subsequently sequestered in unavailable forms as the pH is raised to 5.5 to mimic intestinal conditions. The HCl extraction can be used as a simple and reliable (i.e. low residual standard error) proxy for the more expensive, time consuming, and error-prone PBET methodology. The HCl method would essentially halve the estimate of carcinogenic risk for children playing in Madrid playground soils, providing a more representative value of associated risk than the pseudo-total concentrations used at present.     

消费污染、环保税与经济发展

随着中国产业结构调整,以服务业为主的第三产业占比不断增加,外加以消费为主要驱动的新增长模式导致消费污染在总污染中的份额比重越来越高,因而将消费污染纳入环保税政策分析框架有重要的学术和实践价值。为此基于垄断竞争市场,构建一个包含异质性企业的动态随机一般均衡模型,研究在环保税政策下,生态型企业技术冲击、环保技术冲击、环保税税率冲击、消费者环保意识冲击对产出、消费、环境质量等宏观变量的动态影响。模拟结果发现,生态型企业技术进步和环保技术提升短期内会增加产出和消费,降低生产端污染排放。环保税税率提高也会降低生产端污染排放,但会对总产出和消费带来负向冲击。在不考虑消费污染情况下,生态型企业技术冲击、环保技术冲击、税率冲击通过降低生产过程中的污染排放,改善环境质量;而在考虑消费污染时,环保技术的提高和税率的增加给环境带来的改善作用会减弱,而生态型企业技术提高虽在期初会给环境带来小幅度改善,但之后由于消费污染排放的累积,反而对环境造成负面影响。且在消费污染占比不断提高情况下,消费者环保意识的提高对环境质量的改善作用更为重要。建议政府一方面应加大财政补贴,对环保技术的研发行为给予财政上的支持,同时积极推动污染企业更换新的排污设备。另一方面,在环境监管时既要关注生产过程中的污染排放,也要关注消费过程中带来的隐含污染排放,倡导企业不仅要使用更加绿色的生产技术,也要生产更加绿色环保的产品。同时政府应积极宣传环保理念,引导居民选择绿色消费的生活方式。     

大气环境质量的模糊综合评判方法

分析了大气环境质量评价方法现状和模糊综合评判中存在的问题及解决办法，依据我国环境影响评价实际，提出采用单因子标准指数法和模糊综合评判法相结合的方法评价大气环境质量，并给出评价方法，步骤、结合实例说明其应用。     

建设项目竣工验收现场平行样控制指标研究

依据建设项目竣工环境保护验收中污水监测的要求,通过积累大量验收监测质量检查的实验数据,运用数理统计的方法,以化学需氧量和氨氮两个项目为例,建立了质控数据的评价方法,并确定了现场平行样偏差指标的限値。