A fragment constant QSAR model for evaluating the EC50 values of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna.

The quantitative relationship between the median effective concentration (EC50) of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna and the number of molecular fragments was investigated based on experimental EC50 values for 217 chemicals derived from the literature. A fragment constant model was developed based on a multivariate linear regression between the number of fragments and the logarithmically transformed reciprocal values of EC50. Functional correction factors were introduced into the model. The model was verified using an independent set of randomly selected data. The mean residual of the final model was 0.4 log-units. The robustness of the model was discussed based on the results of three jackknife tests.     

Initial ecological risk assessment of eight selected human pharmaceuticals in Japan.

Eight pharmaceuticals were selected on the basis of their domestic consumption in Japan, the excretion ratio of the parent compound and the frequency of detection in the aquatic environment or wastewater treatment plant effluent. Toxicity tests on these pharmaceuticals were conducted using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), daphnia (Daphnia magna), and green algae (Psuedokirchneriella subcapitata). Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated using lethal or effect concentration 50 (LC50 or EC50) values and no effect concentration (NOEC) obtained in the toxicity tests for these compounds. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) was also calculated from annual consumption, the excretion rate of the parent compound, and removal rate in the preliminary batch activated sludge treatment performed in this study. Maximum concentrations found in the aquatic environment or sewage effluent in Japan or foreign countries were also used for another calculation of PEC. Initial risk assessment on the selected pharmaceuticals was performed using the PEC/PNEC ratio. The results of initial risk assessment on the eight selected pharmaceuticals suggest neither urgent nor severe concern for the ecological risk of these compounds, but further study needs to be conducted using chronic toxicity tests, including reproduction inhibition and endocrine disruption assessments.     

无机纳米颗粒的加入对复合超滤膜成膜过程的影响

为了提高有机高分子材料聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜的亲水性,增强其在污水处理中的抗污染能力,采用无机纳米氧化钛(TiO2)和氧化铝(Al2O3)颗粒对PVDF进行改性,制备(TiO2+Al2O3)/PVDF改性复合超滤膜。为考察无机纳米颗粒对复合超滤膜成膜过程的影响,采用浊点滴定法测定铸膜液体系的分相点,绘制三元相图,以考察纳米颗粒的加入对PVDF超滤膜成膜过程中的热力学影响;采用紫外分光光度计测定铸膜液体系的透光度下降曲线,考察纳米颗粒对PVDF成膜过程中的动力学影响。结果表明:纳米颗粒的加入降低了铸膜液容纳非溶剂的能力,使其在较小的非溶剂浓度下即可固化成膜;纳米颗粒使铸膜液中溶剂与非溶剂双向扩散的传质阻力增加,缩短了铸膜液浸入凝胶浴瞬间至固化成膜的时间。     

黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响

分别以黏土矿物坡缕石和海泡石作为钝化材料,对重金属镉污染的酸性水稻土壤进行原位钝化修复田间示范试验,考察了两种黏土矿物在不同添加剂量下对稻谷产量、糙米镉含量及土壤中有效态镉含量等变化的影响,用以表征修复效果.同时,深入研究了两种黏土矿物对土壤pH、土壤水解氮、有效磷含量及相关酶活性的影响以表征其对土壤环境质量的影响,并对各项理化指标之间的相关性进行分析.结果表明,田间示范条件下两种黏土均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性,明显降低了糙米中镉含量.其中,经2.00 kg·m-2坡缕石和2.25 kg·m-2海泡石处理后,糙米镉含量最大降幅分别为54.6%和73.5%,分别降低至0.32和0.18 mg·kg-1.土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶的活性均得到不同程度的提高,表明经钝化修复后土壤中相关代谢反应得到恢复;两种黏土矿物对土壤中水解氮含量无明显影响,但降低了土壤有效磷含量.综合总体表现,两种黏土矿物可被推荐作为镉污染酸性稻田土壤的原位钝化修复材料.     

3种浮床植物生长特性及氮、磷吸收的优化配置研究

选取美人蕉、再力花和千屈菜3种当地常见植物作为研究对象,构建上海市淀山湖富营养化治理生态浮床工程,对3种植物的生长特性、氮磷吸收能力的优化配置进行比较研究.结果表明,成活率为:美人蕉83.33%,再力花83.33%,千屈菜为76.67%.除千屈菜外,其他2种植物基本没有出现病虫害,收割时再力花和美人蕉两种植物的生物量较移栽时均有明显增加,分别为3.65kg/株和2.40kg/株;3种植物对水体TN、TP的吸收能力差异显著(P￡0.05),单位面积磷吸收量排序为美人蕉>再力花>千屈菜;单位面积氮吸收量大小排序为再力花>美人蕉>千屈菜.美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为4:3时,混作浮床系统比单种美人蕉时磷吸收量低7.72g/m2,但是氮吸收量却高85.42g/m2,所以此种面积搭配的浮床系统能够在保证较高水平磷吸收量的条件下,具有比单种美人蕉的浮床系统更强的氮去除能力;美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为3:4时,混作浮床系统较单种再力花时氮吸收量降低21.09g/m2,磷吸收量高出7.72g/m2,故此面积搭配的混作浮床系统能够在保证氮吸收量较高的同时,比单种再力花的浮床系统吸收更多的磷.     

林可霉素生产废水的厌氧生物处理工艺

采用单相中温升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器厌氧生物工艺处理含有有毒难降解有机物的林可霉素生产废水.当进水COD 8000～14000 mg/L,HRT约10h时,COD容积负荷可达20～35kg/(m³·d),COD去除率为50%～55%.适时调整并维持较高的表面水力负荷[0.2～0.4 m³/(m²·h)]、较高的进水有机基质浓度(COD为2000～3000mg/L)和污泥COD负荷[0.2～0.5 kg/(kg·d)],并适当延长启动驯化时间可培养出沉降性好、污泥活性较高的颗粒污泥.废水厌氧生物降解动力学符合Monod方程,动力学常数V_max=1.3 d^-1,K_s=8133mg/L.废水中不可生物降解物质占总COD的比例约为30%,这是废水COD去除率偏低的重要因素.     

塔里木河河道整治与生态建设科学考察及再思考

塔里木河是我国西北地区最大的内陆河流,如何实现流域水资源可持续利用和生态保护一直是国家和新疆各族人们关注的重大问题。论文通过对塔里木河新的科学考察的经过和体会介绍,就博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游输水的可持续性问题、水资源分配问题、塔里木河干流河道治理工程认识问题、对生态闸的认识和管理问题、胡杨林保护问题、塔里木河下游生态环境恢复等问题提出一些讨论,对塔里木河河道整治与生态建设提出初步咨询建议。     

多环芳烃在珠江口的百年沉积记录

伶仃洋西滩为珠江口的重要沉积区之一.本文分析了采自伶仃洋西滩沉积钻孔(Core 25)中多环芳烃的垂直分布和含量特征,结合²¹⁰Pb定年,重现了该地区近百年来多环芳烃(PAH)的沉积历史.多环芳烃在整个沉积剖面(0～62cm)的含量介于59～330ng·g^-1 (干重) .从19世纪60年代开始,PAH沉积通量逐渐上升,在20世纪50年代达到第一个高峰值.PAH含量在20世纪60～70年代有所降低.20世纪80年代后,PAH含量急剧上升,并在90年代达到最高值.珠江口沉积柱中的多环芳烃主要为热成因来源,其通量变化与周边人类活动(国内生产总值,机动车数量,能源消耗)呈正相关.大气干湿沉降及地表的冲刷作用是PAH进入水体沉积物的主要途径.     

中国环境污染事故发生与经济发展的动态关系

基于1992~2006年中国经济发展和环境污染事故时序数据,建立了中国经济发展和环境污染事故发生的计量模型,以此来分析中国环境安全状态的发展阶段与趋势.结果表明,中国环境污染事故频数与经济增长之间呈现倒“N”型波浪式的EKC特征.环境污染事故频数、水污染事故频数、大气污染事故频数随着人均GDP的快速提高, 先下降、后上升、再下降, 但还会出现反复.环境污染事故的发生不同于环境污染物的排放,不是经济发展过程中的必然产物,但是却具有非常大的不确定性和危害性,必须利用先进的政策、制度和技术,才可以有效减少污染事故的发生.     

Carbon disulfide at a Chinese viscose factory external and internal exposure assessment

This article presents the results of carbon disulfide exposure measurements in a Chinese viscose rayon factory. The objectives of the study were to identify the external exposure levels at a large factory and to investigate the 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) concentrations in the urine of the subjects who were exposed to carbon disulfide in the working place atmosphere. The metabolism of carbon disulfide in the exposed subjects was also studied in order to demonstrate the best points in time for the internal exposure sampling. The measurement of the amount of personal exposure to carbon disulfide in the air of the workplace was performed by GC-FPD; the presence of TTCA in the workers urine was analyzed by use of a modified HPLC method. The kinetics of TTCA excretion was studied by analyses at different time-points both during and after exposure to carbon disulfide in the subjects. A total of 155 personal samples were obtained. The carbon disulfide concentration in the staple viscose hall was 13.72 +/- 1.12 mg m-3 in terms of the geometric mean +/- geometric standard deviation, and was 20.05 +/- 1.33 mg m-3 in the filament spinning hall. The TTCA values in the subjects who worked in the staple spinning hall were 1.18 +/- 0.43 mg g-1 creatinine and 1.07 +/- 0.38 mg g-1 creatinine for subjects working in the filament spinning hall. The best time for TTCA sampling is at the end of the working shift, the TTCA excretion was stable for a period of 4-12 h after exposure of the subjects to the carbon disulfide. It might be that the Chinese have different anthropometric characteristics; a sampling bias may therefore appear among different races.