东湖通道工程沙滩浴场围堰施工对水中胞外碱性磷酸酶动力学行为的影响

城镇化过程常伴随市政建设面积与强度的大幅度增加,但其与湖泊富营养化的关系尚未得到充分的研究。2014年3-5月在武汉东湖通道工程沙滩浴场围堰施工区与相关湖区（郭郑湖、汤菱湖、团湖）的19个位点分5次采集水样,分析了水中胞外碱性磷酸酶的动力学参数及其与溶解有机磷和溶解反应性磷比值的关系。结果表明,施工致使酶的最大反应速度与底物亲和力均显著降低,有机磷酶促再生为生物可利用性无机磷的周转时间明显延长。这一结果指示施工区磷营养的相对充足,施工干扰可能有效促进了沉积物磷向水柱的补给。     

基于模型推断法确定邛海总磷总氮浓度的参照状态

将流域入湖的氮磷负荷分为点源和非点源两部分,基于SCS模型和USLE模型,分别计算了流域入湖的溶解态和颗粒态非点源负荷,根据沿湖城镇、湖滨居民点生活污水及养殖废水排放,计算了入湖的点源负荷。通过出湖河流、湖内取水和渔产捕捞,计算了出湖的营养物负荷。通过计算的出、入湖负荷和现有的湖泊水体氮磷浓度数据,基于湖泊氮磷质量守恒,计算了氮磷的净沉降速度。根据计算的逐年入湖氮磷负荷和所建的湖泊氮磷质量守恒模型,逆推逐年的湖泊水体氮磷浓度,确定湖泊氮磷浓度的参照状态。应用建立的模型推断出邛海TP、TN浓度的参照状态分别为0.018和0.239 mg/L。构建的湖泊氮磷参照状态推断模型,所需资料少,概念清晰,在资料缺乏的其他湖泊流域具有推广应用价值。     

景观湖泊黑臭水体生态修复措施和效果——以武汉市金湖生态修复工程为例

为修复受到污染呈黑臭状态的金湖水体,建设金银湖国家湿地公园,在分析金湖水质、底质概况及黑臭水体成因的基础上,采取点源污染、面源污染、内源污染同步控制和边治理边修复的方法,在不进行大规模清淤、不扰动水体情况下建设湖滨缓冲带,对湖泊底质进行修复。结果表明：湖泊水质得到了明显改善,各项水质指标均低于《城市黑臭水体整治工作指南》中的轻度黑臭标准限值,修复后水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类标准;在中央环保督察组巡视反馈重点整治湖泊水质变化报告中被评为“好转”等级,实现了黑臭水体治理以及生态修复的目标。该治理修复案例可为城市内陆景观湖泊生态修复提供参考。     

仙女湖富营养化特征与水环境容量核算

以典型的亚热带大型水库——江西省仙女湖为例,于2011~2013年季节性监测了仙女湖水体理化指标。采用综合营养状态指数法对其富营养化状态进行了评价,并采用沃伦威德尔模型(Vollenweider)和狄龙模型(Dillon)计算了COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP的水环境容量。结果表明:仙女湖水质总体处于地表水Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类标准,TN 0.32~0.91 mg/L、平均0.59 mg/L,NH₃-N 0.012~0.59 mg/L、平均0.31 mg/L,TP 0.017~0.080 mg/L、平均0.028 mg/L,COD_Mn 1.61~5.59 mg/L、平均2.85 mg/L,Chl-a 0.37~0.95 μg/L、平均0.56 μg/L。从湖区上游到下游,各指标尤其是总氮、总磷、透明度和氨氮呈现明显的趋优变化特征,除TP出现Ⅲ类水质外,其余指标多年持续处于Ⅱ类水质状态;从单因子状态指数来看,采用透明度评价的营养状态最高,大部分湖区持续处于轻度富营养状态;TN和TP评价的营养状态次之,处于中营养水平。仙女湖COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP水环境容量分别为21 208.0、3 528.8、4 991.2和248.1 t/a,分别剩余容量比率56.88%、68.25%、62.89%和13.67%,影响仙女湖水环境容量最突出的环境因子为TP。同时,基于对水环境容量影响因素的分析,最后提出了提高仙女湖区水环境容量的建设性方案。     

宁波东钱湖大型底栖动物群落动态及水质生物学评价

2009年4月—2010年1月,对东钱湖大型底栖动物群落结构及空间分布格局进行了季度调查,并对其环境状况进行生物学评价.共记录底栖动物3门4纲28属30种,其中寡毛类5种、水生昆虫18种、软体动物7种.底栖动物密度、生物量和群落周年次级生产量分别为1 233 m-2、8.0 g/m2(以湿质量计)和35.3 g/(m2.a)(P/B系数法估算),单因素方差分析显示,秋、冬季显著高于春、夏季.东钱湖底栖动物优势种为红裸须摇蚊、长跗摇蚊、菱跗摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓,红裸须摇蚊为冬季单一优势种.依据底栖动物密度的多维序列分析,可将东钱湖分为4个湖区.基于GIS平台,运用克里格插值法,构建动物参数及BI(Hilsenhoff生物指数)的空间分布格局,显示东钱湖底栖动物群落具有较强的空间异质性:摇蚊幼虫多分布在谷子湖及中部湖区,而软体动物主要聚集在中部偏西南及北部湖区.BI评价结果表明,东钱湖的整体水质为中度污染(BI为7.58),其在时空上有较大差异.其中,2009年4、7、9月为轻度污染(BI为6.66～7.33),2009年11月—2010年1月为中度污染(BI为8.32～8.39);在空间尺度上,中部及北湖偏东部湖区污染较轻,其次为谷子湖及五里塘湖区,南湖偏南部湖区污染较重.      

洞庭水患与生态环境保护

本文分析了洞庭湖流域生态环境破坏对洪涝造成的影响,指出流域生态环境受到破坏主要是人类违背自然规律、破坏森林植被、盲目围湖造田、生产及建设性破坏河道及湖滩所致。文章还就根治洞庭水患的关键性措施——搞好生态恢复,提出了几点意见。     

An assessment of historical change in two northern Minnesota lakes

Two northern Minnesota lakes that had been studied in detail 22 years earlier (1958) were restudied to determine the extent of alteration in ecological conditions. Approximately one year after the original investigation, a coal-fired power plant, which incremented sulfate loading by about 6 kg/ha-yr, began operation nine miles away. These lakes lie within a region judged susceptible to acidic precipitation, though each lake, based on its buffering capacity, would be judged only moderately sensitive. In spite of the influence of this plant and other anthropogenic inputs, the change in lake ecology was apparently minimal. Water clarity decreased in both lakes and some alteration in zooplankton community structure was observed. The long-term utility of lake surveys depends upon how carefully and completely conditions can be reconstructed from records and reports. Past surveys generally omit measures of variability for the data, allowing only qualitative comparisons to be drawn. In order to judge the graded responses of aquatic ecosystems, necessary to sound management, quantitative measures are needed.Deceased.     

Ecologically derived guidelines for managing two New Zealand lakes

Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, in Fiordland National Park, became the center of a major controversy after the New Zealand government offered their water resource to an overseas aluminum smelting consortium for electricity generation. Although the scheme proceeded, the lake levels were not raised as originally proposed. Rather, government sought guidelines to optimize hydroelectric potential while maintaining ecological stability of the vulnerable, largely forested, glaciated lakeshores. Guidelines were derived by relating the vegetation zonation to the natural lake-level fluctuations recorded daily for 37 years. Ahigh operating range in the upper third of the lakes' natural ranges, based on flood tolerances of the woody shoreline species, restricts both duration and frequency. Alow operating range (ca. lower third) safeguards stability of shoreline sediments by limiting drawn-down rates, duration, and frequency. Themain operating range (ca. middle third) has few limitations. These guidelines, which allow utilization of ca. 93% of the water resource, have now been verified by instances of flooding and draw-down rates that exceeded the natural rates recorded earlier. The guidelines were officially accepted by the government in 1977 as a basis for managing the valuable multiple resources of these two lakes and their environs, and they were formalized in legislation in 1981. The details and merits of the guideline approach are discussed.     

Newspaper response to flood and erosion hazards on the North Lake Erie shore

The study is primarily concerned with newspaper responses to flooding and erosion associated with Great Lakes high water in 1952–1953 and 1972–1974. Underlying the research is a general interest in informing the public more widely on choices available in resource and environmental decision making.     

PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR: 1. IRRADIATION AND TEMPERATURE1

ABSTRACT: Data from three ice-covered stations in Lake St. Clair were collected to evaluate the effect of ice and related variables on phytoplankton production. Primary production, phytoplankton standing crop, irradiation and temperature were measured from January to April, 1973. Mean production values ranged from 0.74 mgC/m³/h at station 1 near Mitchell Bay to 3.4 mgC/m³/h in waters at stations 2 and 3 below the Thames River mouth. A similar pattern was observed in chlorophyll a concentration, the mean values ranged from 0.63 μg/1 at station 1 to 2.1 and 1.3 μg/1 at stations 2 and 3. Temperature stratification occurred at the three stations. However, the temperatures at station 1 were consistently more than a degree warmer than at the other two stations. Irradiation was low, having a mean value at the sampling depth of .075 ly/min. The data is interpreted to indicate that the ice-bound phytoplankton were adapted to the low irradiation. It is suggested that the variation observed between stations is related to the formation of a plume by the Thames River and differences in nutrient loads carried by the St. Clair and Thames Rivers.