Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes

Fourteen unpolluted Finnish headwater lakes with pH values varying from 4.8 to 7.0 were studied for trace-metal concentrations in water, sediment, aquatic plants (Nuphar luteum L., Sparganium sp.), aquatic insect larvae (Limnophilus sp., Phryganea sp.) and fish (Esox lucius L., Perca fluviatilis L., Coregonus sp., Salvelinus fontinalis L., Salmo trutta L.). Trace-metal deposition was estimated by analysing the snowpack. Non-parametric correlation analysis was carried out between trace metal concentrations in biota and pH, ANC, TOC, CA + Mg concentration in water and a given metal concentration in water and sediment. Bioaccumulation of several trace metals increased with increasing acidity and decreasing ANC in water. This was especially true for Pb and Cd. Aquatic plants were, in general, the best indicator group concerning differences in trace-metal bioaccumulation in lakes with different acidity. There was some evidence that a higher concentration of TOC in water may reduce bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in aquatic plants and fish. The copper concentration in sediment was the only background variable explaining Cu concentration in aquatic insects. Multivariate analysis of the whole background data gave comparable preliminary results. Over 80% of the trace metal concentrations in biota of different lakes was explained by the background variables. In general, elevated concentrations of most of these trace metals can be expected to occur in the biota of acidified low calcareous lakes.     

用广义λ—分布拟合空气污染数据

广义λ-分布是一个四参数可变通的概率模型,包括多种单变量分布,这一模型可用于表示空气污染浓度的频率分布。本文采用土耳其安卡拉每日的烟和SO_2监测数据,来证明广义λ-分布具有良好的拟合性质。这里还讨论了与分位数估计和拟合优度有关的一些结果,并与经典对数正态分布进行了比较。     

The importance of temperature in assessing iron pipe corrosion in water distribution systems

Temperature is expected to play a significant role in the corrosion of iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems. Temperature impacts many parameters that are critical to pipe corrosion including biological activity, physical properties of the solution, thermodynamic and physical properties of corrosion scale, and chemical rates. Moreover, variations in temperature and temperature gradients may give rise to new corrosion phenomena worthy of consideration by water treatment personnel.     

用锌还原水作氢的同位素分析

<正> 本文制定了一种使用金属锌从毫克量水制备氢气的新方法。对小量样品而言,该方法具有比常用的方法更精确和制备时间更短的优点。本设计方案起源下J.Shepherd的设想,并且最初是为了作天然和人工合成晶体中流体包裹体中极小量水的同位素分析而设计的。通常采用的方法(1,2)需要将水样引入到高真     

清洁水面的监测与油污染源的鉴别

在开阔海面上发现石油 在无风和水流作用的清洁海面,溢油以圆形污染面的形式相当快地向外扩散,例如,1立方米原油在10分钟内可扩散为平均油膜厚度为0.5毫米、直径为48米的圆形污染面,而100分钟后,圆形面则可增长至直径100米、膜厚0.1微米。     

Gold mining in Siberia and the Far East as a source of mercury contamination of the environment

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｉｂｅｒｉａａｎｄｔｈｅＦａｒＥａｓｔａｒｅｔｈｅｏｌｄｅｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｒｉｃｈｅｓｔｇｏｌｄ ｍｉｎｉｎｇａｒｅａｓｏｆＲｕｓｓｉａ .Ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｇｏｌｄ ｍｉｎｉｎｇｈｅｒｅｓｔａｒｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅ 19ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ(Ｖｙａｚｅｌｓｈｃｈｉｋｏｖ ,1963) .Ｆｏｒｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｐａｒｔｇｏｌｄ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｏｒｅｓａｎｄｓａｎｄｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆａｍａｌｇａｍａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｇｏｌｄｅ…     

用氧化裂解和四极质谱检测法测定地面水中有机悬浮物的元素组成

本研究采用燃烧后四极质谱(QMS)检测装置测定地面水中有机悬浮物的元素组成。用离心法收集几种类型水中的固体物质。结果表明,本方法可用于水特性鉴定等方面。包括予处理和元素分析约需30分钟。无论水污染研究还是废物和天然有机物代谢机理的探讨,都越来越对地面水中不溶物内的有机质部分的元素组成感兴趣。有机质的组成极为复杂,因为它可能含有多种工业组分及脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物的代谢物。所以,进行全面的结梅分析以确定化合物的种类及其含量是不实际的而且几乎是不可能的。然而,元素分析可以给出化合物种类的有用信息,如脂肪或蛋白质的存在。最近Baumeister(1978)进行了地面水中悬浮物的CHN分析(即碳氢氮分析,译注)。他发现,各种不同试样的颗粒中C/N比率颇为一致。这可说明均来源于生物。