The effect of a campus-community environmental alcohol prevention initiative on student drinking and driving: results from the "a matter of degree" program evaluation

OBJECTIVE: Motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality among college students in the United States. This study evaluates the effect on drinking and driving outcomes of the "A Matter of Degree" program, a campus-community coalition initiative to reduce college binge drinking. METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental longitudinal study design that compared student responses at 10 colleges participating in the program and students attending 32 similar colleges that did not participate in the program. We also divided the program sites into two groups of five according to their level of program implementation and compared each with the non-program colleges. We examined driving after any alcohol consumption and driving after five or more drinks among drinkers who drove one or more times a week per month and riding with a high or drunk driver among all students at these colleges beginning in 1997 through 2001. Outcomes were based on data collected from repeated cross-sectional surveys using the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. Analyses were conducted using MLwiN multilevel statistical software. RESULTS: We found significant reductions in driving after drinking, driving after five or more drinks and riding with a high or drunk driver at the program colleges relative to the comparison colleges. Further analyses indicated that these reductions among the AMOD program colleges occurred at the sites with high program implementation relative to comparison sites, while no statistically significant change was noted at the program sites with low implementation. The program effect on the two drinking and driving outcomes appeared to be mediated by frequent binge drinking, while significant decline in the riding with an intoxicated driver outcome was not mediated by the individual's drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Campus-community based environmental alcohol prevention is a promising approach for reducing alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes among this population.     

Why the Far-Distant Future Should Be Discounted at Its Lowest Possible Rate

A critical feature of the distant future is currently unresolvable uncertainty about what will then be the appropriate rate of return on capital to use for discounting. This paper shows that there is a well-defined sense in which the “lowest possible” interest rate should be used for discounting the far-distant future part of any investment project. Some implications are discussed for evaluating long-term environmental projects or activities, like measures to mitigate the possible effects of global climate change.     

超微气泡富氧+生物活化技术在黑臭水体治理中的工程应用

针对当前黑臭河道治理工作中出现的黑臭反复,长效性难保持问题,以某内源污染严重的重度黑臭河道为例实施原位生态修复。第1阶段采用超微气泡富氧（移动式曝气船+定点式曝气设备）和生物活化技术进行水体和底质修复,削减内源污染,改善生境;第2阶段应用定点式曝气设备、生态浮岛、水生植物净化、水生动物多样性调控进行生态修复,营造健康稳定的生态系统。经过近4个月的治理,治理区水质由重度黑臭稳定达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准,水体COD、NH₃-N和TP含量分别为28.79,0.36,0.19 mg/L,去除率分别达到45%、98%和85%以上,治理后水体澄清,可见多种水生动物和沉水植物,河道底质呈现自然泥土色泽,在未进行清淤处理的情况下即达到了泥水共治的效果,水环境质量得到显著提升,实现了长效治理。     

三唑酮在设施栽培土壤及大白菜中的消解动态及残留

为评价三唑酮在大白菜施用后的环境安全性,建立了GC测定蔬菜及土壤中三唑酮残留的方法,进行露地与设施栽培条件三唑酮在大白莱和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留研究.在大白菜和土壤中的最低检测质量分数均为0.001 mg/kg,三唑酮的平均加标回收率为81.5％～110.6％,变异系数为1.32％～6.04％.消解动态试验为2倍推荐使用剂量施药1次,三唑酮在设施栽培大白菜的半衰期分别为2.72～3.30 d和3.21～3.35 d;露地栽培为2.35～2.87 d和2.30～3.12 d.设施栽培大白菜中三唑酮残留量与用药量正相关,随着施药量的增加,消解速度减慢,残留量相应增大.研究可为制定三唑酮设施栽培大白菜上最大残留限量和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供科学依据.