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1.
When a concentrated solar beam is irradiated to the ceramics such as Ni-ferrite, the high-energy flux in the range of 1500-2500 kW/m(2) is absorbed by an excess Frenkel defect formation. This non-equilibrium state defect is generated not by heating at a low heating-rate (30 K/min), but by irradiating high flux energy of concentrated solar beam rapidly at a high heating rate (200 K/min). The defect can be spontaneously converted to chemical energy of a cation-excess spinel structure (reduced-oxide form) at the temperature around 1773 K. Thus, the O(2) releasing reaction (α-O(2) releasing reaction) proceeds in two-steps; (1) high flux energy of concentrated solar beam absorption by formation of the non-equilibrium Frenkel defect and (2) the O(2) gas formation from the O(2-) in the Frenkel defect even in air atmosphere. The 2nd step proceeds without the solar radiation. We may say that the 1st step is light reaction, and 2nd step, dark reaction, just like in photosynthesis process. 相似文献
2.
Yutaka Tamaura 《Ambio》2012,41(2):108-111
When a concentrated solar beam is irradiated to the ceramics such as Ni-ferrite, the high-energy flux in the range of 1500–2500 kW/m2 is absorbed by an excess Frenkel defect formation. This non-equilibrium state defect is generated not by heating at a low heating-rate (30 K/min), but by irradiating high flux energy of concentrated solar beam rapidly at a high heating rate (200 K/min). The defect can be spontaneously converted to chemical energy of a cation-excess spinel structure (reduced-oxide form) at the temperature around 1773 K. Thus, the O2 releasing reaction (α-O2 releasing reaction) proceeds in two-steps; (1) high flux energy of concentrated solar beam absorption by formation of the non-equilibrium Frenkel defect and (2) the O2 gas formation from the O2? in the Frenkel defect even in air atmosphere. The 2nd step proceeds without the solar radiation. We may say that the 1st step is light reaction, and 2nd step, dark reaction, just like in photosynthesis process. 相似文献
3.
The cardinalfish Siphamia versicolor (Perciformes: Apogonidae) forms a bioluminescent symbiosis with the marine luminous bacterium Photobacterium mandapamensis, harboring the bacteria in a ventral, disc-shaped light organ and using the bacterial light apparently for counterillumination
and attracting prey. Little definitive information has been available on the developmental and microbiological events surrounding
the initiation of symbiosis, a critical stage in the life history of the fish, in S. versicolor or any of the many other species of bacterially luminous fish. To identify the stage at which light organ formation begins,
to determine the origin of cells forming the light organ, and to characterize its bacterial colonization status during development,
early developmental stages of S. versicolor obtained and reared from wild-caught mouth-brooding males were examined with histological and microbiological methods. A
light organ primordium was not evident in embryos, post-embryos, or pre-release larvae, whereas the light organ began to form
within 1 day of release of full-term pre-flexion larvae from the mouths of male fish. Analysis of post-release larvae revealed
that the light organ arises from a proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, and that it quickly develops
structural complexity, including the formation of chambers and gaps contiguous with the intestinal epithelium. However, the
nascent light organ remained uncolonized by the symbiotic bacteria through several days of post-release development, even
in the presence of high numbers of the symbiotic bacteria. These results demonstrate that the inception of light organ formation
in S. versicolor occurs independently of its symbiotic bacteria and that receptivity to bacterial colonization apparently requires substantial
post-release development of the light organ. Larvae therefore most likely acquire their symbiotic bacteria from seawater,
during or shortly after the transition from the pre-flexion to the flexion developmental stage. 相似文献
4.
The distribution of degading microorganisms of high molecular weight poly(-propiolactone) (PPL), whose individual structural units are similar to those of poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(€-caprolactone) (PCL), was examined. Despite the fact that PPL is a chemosynthetic polymer, many kinds of PPL-degrading microorganisms were found to be distributed as resident populations widely in natural environments. A total of 77 strains of PPL-degrading microorganisms was isolated. From standard physiological and biochemical tests, at least 41 strains were referred to as Bacillus species. Microbial degradation of fibrous PPL proceeded rapidly in some enrichment cultures but was not as complete as that of PHB. Most of the isolated PPL-degrading microorganisms were determined to be PCL degraders and/or PHB degraders. Therefore, it can be assumed that mostly PPL is recognized by the microorganisms as PHB or another natural substrate of the same type as which PCL is regarded. Microbial degradation of PPL was confirmed by some Bacillus strains from type culture collections. The similarity of microbial degradation between PPL and PCL was found to be very close. 相似文献
5.
Tadashi Hasegawa Kakeru Usuba Soichiro Kondo Yutaka Maeda 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2008,6(2):107-111
Here, we show that association of stilbene molecules is facilitated by water on silica gel because of hydrophobic interaction
and photodimerization becomes the main photochemical process. Irradiation of trans-stilbene (t-1) on silica gel gives cis-stilbene (c-1), phenanthrene (2), benzaldehyde (3), and dimers r-ctt-4 and r-tct-4. The yields of the dimers increase and those of 2 and 3 decrease with an increase in the amount of t-1 loaded on silica gel. Atmospheric oxygen is responsible for the formation of 2 and 3. The yields of the dimers also increase with an increase in the water on a silica-gel surface and change drastically at the
point where the percentage of water to silica gel is around 25 wt%. All active sites on a silica-gel surface would be covered
completely with 25 wt% of water. 相似文献
6.
Kazuyoshi Yamamoto Yutaka Kawahara Masatoshi Shioya Noboru Ishibashi 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(2):626-630
Triacetylcellulose(TAC)-based globular activated carbons having the adsorption capacity comparable with commercial ones have been derived using a carbonization system developed for this purpose. The carbonization of TAC proceeds through a liquid phase causing bubbling due to the emission of the decomposition gases. The phosphorus compounds resulting from the starting material of TAC waste promote the activation reactions to produce micro-pores. 相似文献
7.
Chul H. Song Mi E. Park En J. Lee Jae H. Lee Bo K. Lee Dong S. Lee Jhoon Kim Jin S. Han Kwang J. Moon Yutaka Kondo 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(13):2168-2173
Simultaneous measurements of gaseous species and fine-mode, particulate inorganic components were performed at the University of Seoul, Seoul in Korea. In the simultaneous measurements, a certain level of nitrous acid (HONO) was observed in the gas-phase, indicating possible heterogeneous HONO production on the surface of the ambient aerosols. On the other hand, high particulate nitrite (NO2?) concentrations of 1.41(±2.26) μg/m3 were also measured, which sometimes reached 18.54 μg/m3. In contrast, low HONO-to-NO2 ratios of 0.007(±0.006) were observed in Seoul. This indicates that a significant fraction of HONO is dissolved in atmospheric aerosols. Around the Seoul site, sufficient alkalinity may have been provided to the atmospheric aerosols from the excessive presence of NH3 in the gas-phase. Due to the alkaline particulate conditions (defined in this study as a particle pH >~3.29), the HONO molecules produced at the surface of the atmospheric aerosols appeared to have been converted into particulate nitrite, thereby preventing their further participation in the atmospheric O3/NOy/HOx photochemical cycles. It was estimated that a minimum average of 65% of HONO was captured by alkaline, anthropogenic, urban particles in the Seoul measurements. 相似文献
8.
Tomoki Nakayama Rie Hagino Yutaka Matsumi Yosuke Sakamoto Masahiro Kawasaki Akihiro Yamazaki Akihiro Uchiyama Rei Kudo Nobuhiro Moteki Yutaka Kondo Kenichi Tonokura 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(25):3034-3042
A highly sensitive cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) was used to monitor the aerosol extinction coefficient at 532 nm. The performance of the spectrometer was evaluated using measurements of nearly monodisperse polystyrene particles with diameters between 150 and 500 nm. By comparing the observed results with those determined using Mie theory, the accuracy of the CRDS instrument was determined to be >97%, while the upper limit for the precision of the instrument was estimated to be 0.6–3.5% (typically 2%), depending on the particle number concentration, which was in the range of 30–2300 particles cm?3. Simultaneous measurements of the extinction (bext), scattering (bsca) and absorption (babs) coefficients of ambient aerosols were performed in central Tokyo from 14 August to 2 September 2007 using the CRDS instrument, two nephelometers and a particle/soot absorption photometer (PSAP), respectively. The value of bext measured using the CRDS instrument was compared with the sum of the bsca and babs values measured with a nephelometer and a PSAP, respectively. Good agreement between the bext and bsca + babs values was obtained except for data on days when high ozone mixing ratios (>130 ppbv) were observed. During the high-O3 days, the values for bsca + babs were ~7% larger than the value for bext, possibly because the value for babs measured by the PSAP was overestimated due to interference from coexisting non-absorbing aerosols such as secondary organic aerosols. 相似文献
9.
10.
Microbial Poly(L-Lactide)-Degrading Enzyme Induced by Amino Acids, Peptides, and Poly(L-Amino Acids)
Amnat Jarerat Yutaka Tokiwa Hideo Tanaka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2004,12(3):139-146
Poly(L-lactide)(PLA)-degrading activities of a fungus, Tritirachium album, and two strains of actinomycetes,Lentzea waywayandensis and Amycolatopsis orientalis, were inducible by some proteins (poly-L-amino acid), peptides and amino acids. Extracellular PLA-degrading activity of the culture filtrates was detected when these strains grew in liquid basal medium containing 0.1% (w/v) of (poly-L-amino acids), peptides or amino acids as the enzyme inducer. In addition to PLA-degrading activity, succinyl-(L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine)-p-nitroanilide (Suc-(Ala)3-pNA)-degrading activity was observed, implying that the enzymes produced were protease-type. The enzyme activities produced varied between different strains and different inducers. Silk fibroin was the best inducer for A. orientalis and that elastin was the best inducer for L. waywayandensis and T. album. 相似文献