Bioassay: A useful tool for evaluating reclaimed water safety

Wastewater reclamation and reuse has been proved to be an effective way to relieve the fresh water crisis. However, toxic contaminants remaining in reclaimed water could lead to potential risk for reuse, and the conventional water quality standards have difficulty guaranteeing the safety of reclaimed water. Bioassays can vividly reflect the integrated biological effects of multiple toxic substances in water as a whole, and could be a powerful tool for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water. Therefore, in this study, the advantages and disadvantages of using bioassays for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water were compared with those of conventional water quality standards. Although bioassays have been widely used to describe the toxic effects of reclaimed water and treatment efficiency of reclamation techniques, a single bioassay cannot reflect the complex toxicity of reclaimed water, and a battery of bioassays involving multiple biological effects or in vitro tests with specific toxicity mechanisms would be recommended. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the safety of reclaimed water based on bioassay results, various methods including potential toxicology, the toxicity unit classification system, and a potential eco-toxic effects probe are summarized as well. Especially, some integrated ranking methods based on a bioassay battery involving multiple toxicity effects are recommended as useful tools for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water, which will benefit the promotion and guarantee the rapid development of the reclamation and reuse of wastewater.     

湖相沉积软土中盾构端头关键控制措施研究∗

湖相沉积软土在昆明地区分布广泛,工程性质极其特殊,在该场地中盾构施工风险性极高,易引发端头失稳, 涌水涌砂灾害,探究软土场地盾构端头施工关键控制措施成为亟待解决的问题。采用经验分析法并引入正交试验对端头加固工艺及加固范围进行分析,得出适用性最优工艺与最优加固范围计算模型,给出各工艺应用建议、端头稳定敏感性排序及加固范围理论解。针对现有洞门密封止水系统涌水涌砂风险较大的问题,提出了一种由三道密封构件与两道主动措施组成的新型永久密封止水系统。将所得结论与创新型止水系统应用于昆明轨道交通 5 号线会宝区间端头,采用 MidasGts 与对数螺旋滑动计算模型对端头土体进行数值模拟与稳定性计算,所得位移云图及安全系数与实际施工情况相吻合,由此实现端头加固范围理论解与工程解的统一。从施工现场来看,新型止水系统应用效果非常理想,有效保证了盾构进出洞安全,可为相似盾构工程设计与施工提供借鉴。     

产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法

能值分析方法为自然环境资源与人类社会、经济的统一评价提供了新的思路,但面对当今产业生态学发展的实践需求,在多尺度整合分析、动态模型构建等方面仍显薄弱,需要与经济学等其他学科相对成熟的分析方法与模型加以整合。文章以能值综合方法为核心介质,从成本分析与效果分析的整合、能值分析与区域经济分析的整合,以及能值分析表与投入-产出矩阵模型的整合三个方面进行了产业生态学的能值整合研究方法的具体构建,以促进能值理论方法与产业生态学研究需求的进一步耦合。     

不同水力剪切效应下四尾栅藻的种群动态增长模型

为了改进现有反映单种群增长的Logistic（逻辑斯特）模型,使其能更好地对水动力影响下藻类的种群动态关系进行表征,进而验证水力剪切作用引起的营养盐混合和均化作用对藻类生长的影响,采用恒温（25℃）和恒定光照（4 000 lx,光暗比12 h:12 h）的培养试验,对水华中常见四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricanda）在水力剪切条件下的种群动态增长进行了研究.结果表明:①相对于静止条件,不同的水力剪切（100、200、300和400 r/min）作用均促进了四尾栅藻的增长,并且均存在最大Chla浓度.②结合藻类种群动态增长的Logistic模型和传质理论,构建了水力剪切效应下单藻种的种群动态增长模型（R2＞0.95）.模型结果显示,水力剪切作用是藻类最大生物量的控制因素.在空间有限的富营养条件下,Chla浓度在体积平均流速为0.101 m/s（200 r/min）条件下的最大生物量为15 328.2 μg/L,是静止条件的1.75倍,大于其他水力剪切条件,与试验结果吻合,传质系数（k_c）对四尾栅藻最大生物量的促进系数（k_M）为945.1.③水力剪切主要通过改变藻细胞层流边界层以外环境的营养物质浓度分布,从而对藻类的种群规模产生影响.④水力剪切效应存在边际效应递减的现象,随着剪切强度的增加,在不产生藻类的机械损伤的范围内,藻类种群会达到一个稳定期.研究显示,理论上解释了水力剪切效应对四尾栅藻动态增长的影响机制,实现了水力剪切作用和营养盐通量共同影响四尾栅藻种群增长关系的统一.      

东江干流富营养化评价及区域差异性研究

利用综合营养状态指数评价东江富营养化状况.结果表明,东江富营养化程度较轻,干流绝大部分区域(96％)为中营养及中营养以下水平,只有少数区域(4％)达到富营养水平.同时,东江干流富营养化程度区域差异性明显,从上游至下游河口富营养化程度逐渐加重.针对东江水质污染现状,建议东江水体管理应以保护为主,同时采取有效措施,改善下游...     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

基于人口模型的澳门固体垃圾产生量的初步模拟

垃圾问题是制约社会发展的一项因素。自2002年澳门特别行政区赌权开放后,澳门旅游业发展迅速,大量游客蜂拥而至,加上投资移民政策,为澳门经济的发展带来活力。然而,澳门本身地少人多,土地本身就是一种稀缺的资源。大量人口的拥入,除了人口本身以外,他们所产生的垃圾量亦与时俱增,为环境带来的问题日趋严重,同时亦增加了堆填区的压力。2007年,垃圾焚化中心平均每天要处理的垃圾量为790吨,已达其最大处理能力的88%。因此,确定澳门垃圾产生量的发展趋势对于制定合理的垃圾处理政策是很重要的。这次研究通过研究澳门垃圾产生的成分和过程,在历年垃圾数据的分析基础上,利用STELLA软体建立系统动力学模型去预测澳门垃圾产生量在未来的发展趋势。研究结果显示,2016年,澳门总垃圾的产生量为363 584吨,其中家庭垃圾的产生量为308 220吨,占总垃圾量的85%;其它垃圾(包括工商业垃圾和大件垃圾)的产生量为55 364吨,占总垃圾量的15%。若以现时澳门垃圾焚化中心的处理能力(每日900吨)来看,2012年澳门垃圾的产生量将超过垃圾焚化中心的处理能力。     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

超声波辅助壳聚糖/零价纳米铁降解酸性品红

用液相还原法制备的壳聚糖/零价纳米铁处理废水中染料——酸性品红,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)等不同表征手段对颗粒物进行晶体结构、形貌与尺寸表征分析.结果发现,壳聚糖可与纳米铁形成稳定的包裹体,从而降低了纳米铁的团聚性并提高了纳米铁的反应性能及抗氧化性.在超声波辅助下,发现壳聚糖稳定纳米铁粒子对酸性品红有降解作用,置于空气中65 d后壳聚糖稳定纳米铁仍具有反应活性.在25℃、壳聚糖稳定纳米铁投加量0.4 g·L-1、溶液pH =4.96、酸性品红初始浓度100 mg·L-1的条件下,反应20 min内对酸性品红的脱色率超过99％,其降解过程符合表观一级反应动力学规律,反应的活化能为55.34kJ·mol-1,说明降解过程是化学控制过程.