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2.
Jürgen Warrelmann Hartmut Kochler Tobias Frische Ingo Dobner Ulrich Walter Wolfgang Heyser 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2000,12(6):351-357
On the area of a former ordnance plant (‘Werk Tanne’, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany), a field experiment for phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated soils has been carried out since May 1999. The concept is based on a stepwise degradation of TNT by white-rot fungi and mycorrhiza within the rhizosphere of site-specific seedlings. An appropiate site with contaminants in the surface-soil was prepared with a large-scale soil grader and subsequently divided into different experimental plots, including an uncontaminated control as well as a contaminated plot without treatment. Planting of the selected trees and shrubs (infected with mycorrhiza during nursery) and inoculation with wood chips (inoculated with white-rot fungi) is followed by a detailed monitoring of the experimental plots (chemical analyses, biotest-battery, ecological field indicators). For the evaluation of the results, multivariate methods are applied. 相似文献
3.
Pigeons were released at two sites of equal distance from the loft, one within a magnetic anomaly, the other in magnetically
quiet terrain, and their tracks were recorded with the help of GPS receivers. A comparison of the beginning of the tracks
revealed striking differences: within the anomaly, the initial phase lasted longer, and the distance flown was longer, with
the pigeons' headings considerably farther from the home direction. During the following departure phase, the birds were well
homeward oriented at the magnetically quiet site, whereas they continued to be disoriented within the anomaly. Comparing the
tracks in the anomaly with the underlying magnetic contours shows considerable differences between individuals, without a
common pattern emerging. The differences in magnetic intensity along the pigeons' path do not differ from a random distribution
of intensity differences around the release site, indicating that the magnetic contours do not directly affect the pigeons'
routes. Within the anomaly, pigeons take longer until their flights are oriented, but 5 km from the release point, the birds,
still within the anomaly, are also significantly oriented in the home direction. These findings support the assumption that
magnetically anomalous conditions initially interfere with the pigeons' navigational processes, with birds showing rather
individual responses in their attempts to overcome these problems. 相似文献
4.
Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kowarik I 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(8-9):1974-1983
With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows. This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses the consequences of different conservation approaches. Cities can be richer in plant species, including in native species, than rural areas. Alien species can lead to both homogenization and differentiation among urban regions. Urban habitats can harbor self-sustaining populations of rare and endangered native species, but cannot replace the complete functionality of (semi-)natural remnants. While many conservation approaches tend to focus on such relict habitats and native species in urban settings, this paper argues for a paradigm shift towards considering the whole range of urban ecosystems. Although conservation attitudes may be challenged by the novelty of some urban ecosystems, which are often linked to high numbers of nonnative species, it is promising to consider their associated ecosystem services, social benefits, and possible contribution to biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
5.
Developing Effective Decision Support for the Application of “Gentle” Remediation Options: The GREENLAND Project 下载免费PDF全文
Andy Cundy Paul Bardos Markus Puschenreiter Nele Witters Michel Mench Valerie Bert Wolfgang Friesl‐Hanl Ingo Müller Nele Weyens Jaco Vangronsveld 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2015,25(3):101-114
Gentle remediation options (GRO) are risk management strategies/technologies that result in a net gain (or at least no gross reduction) in soil function as well as risk management. They encompass a number of technologies, including the use of plant (phyto‐), fungi (myco‐), and/or bacteria‐based methods, with or without chemical soil additives or amendments, for reducing contaminant transfer to local receptors by in situ stabilization, or extraction, transformation, or degradation of contaminants. Despite offering strong benefits in terms of risk management, deployment costs, and sustainability for a range of site problems, the application of GRO as practical on‐site remedial solutions is still in its relative infancy, particularly for metal(loid)‐contaminated sites. A key barrier to wider adoption of GRO relates to general uncertainties and lack of stakeholder confidence in (and indeed knowledge of) the feasibility or reliability of GRO as practical risk management solutions. The GREENLAND project has therefore developed a simple and transparent decision support framework for promoting the appropriate use of gentle remediation options and encouraging participation of stakeholders, supplemented by a set of specific design aids for use when GRO appear to be a viable option. The framework is presented as a three phased model or Decision Support Tool (DST), in the form of a Microsoft Excel‐based workbook, designed to inform decision‐making and options appraisal during the selection of remedial approaches for contaminated sites. The DST acts as a simple decision support and stakeholder engagement tool for the application of GRO, providing a context for GRO application (particularly where soft end‐use of remediated land is envisaged), quick reference tables (including an economic cost calculator), and supporting information and technical guidance drawing on practical examples of effective GRO application at trace metal(loid) contaminated sites across Europe. This article introduces the decision support framework. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
6.
Sexual coercion is a common behaviour for males trying to compensate for being inferior in male competition and/or female choice. We measured the cost of male sexual harassment for females as reduced feeding time in three populations of the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana). Of these populations, one originated from a typical river habitat, another from a lightless cave chamber and the third one from a small, milky creek outside the cave. We gave hungry females an opportunity to feed in the presence of either another female or a male. We found the following: (1) male sexual harassment represents a cost in the river dwelling population and both small and large males significantly reduce female feeding time; and (2) sexual harassment was not detected in the other two populations (cave and cave entrance). In the cave molly, small males are at a disadvantage in female choice, but predation by an aquatic heteropteran selects against large male body size. 相似文献
7.
Choosy males from the underground: male mating preferences in surface- and cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana) inhabit a variety of surface habitats, but they also occur in a sulfur cave in southern Mexico. We examined male mate choice
relative to female body size in the cave population and in the most closely related surface-dwelling population from a nearby
river. Males from both populations were either light- or dark-reared and could choose between two differently sized females
either on the basis of visual cues in light or on the basis of solely nonvisual cues in darkness. Sexual preferences were
estimated from the degree of association. Cave molly males always showed a preference for the larger female, both in light
and in darkness. Among the surface males, only light-reared males showed a preference in the visual cues test, but not in
darkness. In a control experiment, we demonstrated that male association preferences directly translate into actual mating
preferences. Apparently, using visual cues for mate choice is the ancestral state in this system, and using nonvisual cues
has evolved as a novel trait in the cave population. We discuss the evolution of nonvisual male mate choice in the context
of changed environmental conditions, namely the absence of light, hypoxia, and toxic hydrogen sulfide in the cave. 相似文献
8.
9.
Previous studies on kleptoplasty in sacoglossans have used different methodology to investigate how long the sacoglossans
are able to keep photosynthetically active (functional) chloroplasts. In this study we have used Pulse Amplitude Modulated
Fluorometry to measure the quantum yield of charge separation in photosystem II in dark acclimated cells (ΦIIe) to detect the status of photosynthetic activity. Seven species of sacoglossa, Plakobranchus ocellatus, Elysia timida, Elysia sp, Elysia tomentosa, Thuridilla carlsoni, T. lineolata and Elysiella pusilla, were investigated regarding their ability to retain functional chloroplasts (RFC). The results show three different levels
of RFC’s where P. ocellatus has the longest RFC for more than 11 months, E. timida with a RFC 1/4 than P. ocellatus (almost 3 months) and the rest with RFC’s down to 1/22 of P. ocellatus (up to 15 days). Based on these results, and compared to previous studies, eight different levels of retention abilities
of non-functional and functional chloroplasts in sacoglossans are proposed. As far as we know, this is a novel method studying
chloroplast functionality in sacoglossans. 相似文献
10.
Ingo?NarberhausEmail author Claudine?Theuring Thomas?Hartmann Susanne?Dobler 《Chemoecology》2004,14(1):17-23
Summary. Several species of Longitarsus take up, metabolize and
store pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. In feeding experiments using
radioactively labeled PAs of different types we examined the time course of the sequestration
process in L. jacobaeae and
L. aeruginosus. We found that adapted species efficiently
store PAs for at least two weeks without major losses. During that time, there is virtually
no change in the ratio of tertiary alkaloids to stored non-toxic
N-oxides, regardless of chemical form fed to the beetles. This
implies a transient N-oxidation process where the alkaloids are
only temporarily accessible to the enzyme. A dissection experiment with
L. aeruginosus six days after uptake of labeled PAs
showed that the tertiary alkaloids are not found in the hemolymph but are stored in the
elytra and other body compartments. This conforms with earlier experiments that localized the
enzymes site of action in the hemolymph. Furthermore we show that different total alkaloid
doses in the diet of L. jacobaeae and the potentially less
adapted L. succineus do not affect the ratio of recovered
N-oxides to tertiary molecules. Thus, the efficiency of the
N-oxidizing enzyme is not dependent on the concentration of
alkaloids offered. 相似文献