Winter Soil Respiration from Different Vegetation Patches in the Yellow River Delta, China

Vegetation type and density exhibited a considerable patchy distribution at very local scales in the Yellow River Delta, due to the spatial variation of soil salinity and water scarcity. We proposed that soil respiration is affected by the spatial variations in vegetation type and soil chemical properties and tested this hypothesis in three different vegetation patches (Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil) in winter (from November 2010 to April 2011). At diurnal scale, soil respiration all displayed single-peak curves and asymmetric patterns in the three vegetation patches; At seasonal scale, soil respiration all declined steadily until February, and then increased to a peak in next April. But, the magnitude of soil respiration showed significant differences among the three sites. Mean soil respiration rates in winter were 0.60, 0.45 and 0.17 μmol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1) for the Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil, respectively. The combined effect of soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for 58-68 % of the seasonal variation of winter soil respiration. The mean soil respiration revealed positive and linear correlations with total N, total N and SOC storages at 0-20 cm depth, and plant biomass among the three sites. We conclude that the patchy distribution of plant biomass and soil chemical properties (total C, total N and SOC) may affect decomposition rate of soil organic matter in winter, thereby leading to spatial variations in soil respiration.     

日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响

大气中真菌粒子的衰亡和净化，除与真菌自身的因素有关外，与日光辐射也有密切关系。此文现场观测了日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响。结果表明，一天内大气真菌粒子浓度与日光辐射强度呈反比：大气真菌粒数直径中值与日光辐射强度呈正比：随着日光辐射强度的增大，＜３．０μｍ的大气真菌粒子，其浓度减小的速度比＞３．０μｍ的快。     

Vegetative Ecological Characteristics of Restored Reed (Phragmites australis) Wetlands in the Yellow River Delta, China

In this study, we compared ecological characteristics of wetland vegetation in a series of restoration projects that were carried out in the wetlands of Yellow River Delta. The investigated characteristics include plant composition structure, species diversity and community similarity in three kinds of Phragmites australis wetlands, i.e. restored P. australis wetlands (R1, R2, R3 and R4: restored in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2009, respectively), natural P. australis wetland (N) and degraded P. australis wetland (D) to assess the process of wetlands restoration. The coverage of the R1 was 99%, which was similar to natural wetland. Among all studied wetlands, the highest and lowest stem density was observed in R1 and R2, respectively, Plant height and stem diameter show the same trend as N > R2 > R1 > R3 > D > R4. Species diversity of restored P. australis wetlands became closed to natural wetland. Both species richness and Shannon–Wiener index had similar tendency: increased first and then decreased with restored time. The highest species richness and species diversity were observed in R2, while the lowest values of those parameters were found in natural P. australis wetland. Similarity indexes between restored wetlands and natural wetland increased with the restoration time, but they were still less than 50%. The results indicate that the vegetation of P. australis wetlands has experienced a great improvement after several years’ restoration, and it is feasible to restored degraded P. australis wetlands by pouring fresh water into those wetlands in the Yellow River Delta. However, it is notable that costal degraded P. australis wetland in this region may take years to decades to reach the status of natural wetland.     

多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩回收废水中的二甲基亚砜

利用具有内部潜热回收功能的气隙式多效膜蒸馏(MEMD)组件对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的化纤废水进行了浓缩回收研究,考察了料液中DMSO浓度、进料流量、进料温度和膜侧进口温度对膜通量、造水比、分离因子和回收率的影响。结果表明,多效膜蒸馏可以将DMSO废水浓缩至200~300 g/L;初始浓度为6.2 g/L时,造水比和分离因子最高值分别为12.4和76.0;虽然膜通量、造水比和分离因子均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当DMSO浓度达到200 g/L时,膜通量、造水比、分离因子仍分别高达3.74 L/(m2·h)、7.1、32.1;在整个浓缩过程中,回收率维持在99.6%以上;当DMSO废水浓缩达到150 g/L以上时,含有少量DMSO的渗透液可作为二次料液继续用MEMD过程浓缩。膜组件在连续运行的1个月内保持了良好的操作性能。该实验研究表明,多效膜蒸馏过程可以高效节能地浓缩回收化纤废水中的DMSO。     

滨海不同生境下盐地碱蓬生物量分配特征研究

盐地碱蓬是黄河三角洲重要的先锋植物,抗盐能力强,分布范围广,对维持该地区生态系统稳定和演替发挥着重要作用。通过野外取样测定,研究了潮间带和潮上带盐地碱蓬种群的形态及生物量分配特征。在个体大小上,潮间带盐地碱蓬在株高和地径上显著低于潮上带盐地碱蓬;潮上带盐地碱蓬密集分布的株高高于散生分布,而生物量低于散生分布。在生物量分配特征上,潮间带盐地碱蓬Ⅰ以发展花、叶为主,潮上带盐地碱蓬Ⅱ的密集分布以优先发展茎为主,潮上带盐地碱蓬Ⅲ的散生分布以发展枝为主,属于种群发展的稳定阶段。因此,盐地碱蓬通过形态特征及生物量分配特征的调节,以适应潮间带和潮上带的不同生境特征,从而达到种群维持和土壤改良的目的。     

循环流化床锅炉运行调整中的常见问题及改进措施

本文主要介绍了循环流化床运行时如何进行经济调整,对运行中出现的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的技术措施。     

大气微生物粒子与飘尘粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和光散射气溶胶粒子计数器，在北京西单对大气细菌、真菌和飘尘粒子的浓度、粒度分布及它们之间的关系进行了观测和研究。结果表明，大气细菌的粒度是负偏态分布，大气真菌是对数正态分布，飘尘是正偏态分布。大气细菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为１１９５３８；夏季小，为２４２１７；年平均比值为６７５１７，＞２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为１５２５３８７，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３３１８，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３９４。大气真菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为２１２７７０；夏季小，为６５５８５；年平均比值为１３５３４４，＜２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为９５２６９８，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为５３４３，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为２６３２。     

目前国有企业人力资源管理存在的问题与改进对策

目前国有企业在从传统人事管理向现代人力资源管理模式转变过程中遇到了改革受阻、效果不佳、观念落后、定位不高等问题,这些问题的产生主要是由于传统思想认识、落后的工作开发定位等根本性原因.因此,国有企业应采取树立新型大人力资源观念,加强人力资源管理部门自身建设,运用现代人力资源管理手段切实处理好培训开发、激励、评估等关键问题的改进对策.     

基于蒙特卡罗法的白家包滑坡库水位消落可靠度分析

可靠度理论考虑了滑坡岩土体本身的复杂性、离散型、不确定性,相比传统确定单一的滑坡稳定系数算法,通过可靠度指标、失效概率、各参数敏感性等对滑坡稳定性进行综合评价,更加符合工程实际。基于蒙特卡罗随机抽样算法,通过3 000次模拟抽样对三峡库区白家包滑坡在库水位消落两种工况下的可靠度和参数敏感性进行了对比分析。滑坡可靠度分析表明:两种工况下滑坡整体都表现出随着库水位快速消落其稳定系数均值减小、失效概率增大,且库水位消落速率越大这种现象越明显;当以工况2运行时滑坡失效概率超过50%,滑坡整体有失稳的可能。滑坡参数敏感性分析表明:两种工况下该滑坡滑带土体的重度(γ)与滑坡稳定系数呈现微弱的正相关性,且随着库水位消落其相关性呈现增大的趋势;滑带土体的内摩擦角(φ)与滑坡稳定系数的正相关性远大于内聚力(c),且随着库水位快速消落这种正相关性呈现微小的削弱;对比两种工况,工况2参数敏感性"增幅"、"降幅"都大于工况1。     

淡水沼泽湿地泥炭沉积中氮素分布特征

采用冬季采样,现场分层的方法,系统地研究了我国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地--三江平原沼泽湿地中河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积中TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的分布特征.结果表明,在不同沉积层中,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N明显富集于Aso层,TN在Hil层含量最高.TN含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显增加,NH₄⁺-N主要分布在粒级0.149～0.074mm的泥炭机械组分中,NO₃^--N主要分布在粒级0.03～0.149mm的泥炭机械组分中.