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Yasuhiko Wada Takuma Okumoto Nariaki Wada 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(2):173-187
Waste disposal systems conventionally exhibit many problems, such as difficulties in finding final disposal sites for incinerator
residues and the issue of how to recycle waste materials. Some new technologies have been developed to solve such problems,
including ash melting and gasification melting. Furthermore, to improve the power generation efficiency of waste treatment
facilities so that their energy is used more efficiently, combined stoker/gas turbine power generation (super waste power
generation) technology has been developed. Through examination of two cases in this study, environmental impacts and costs
were determined using lifecycle assessment (LCA) and lifecycle cost (LCC) methods in a model city. In case 1, a stoker furnace
was compared to a combined stoker/gas turbine system. In case 2, a stoker furnace plus ash melting system was compared to
a gasification melting system. The results demonstrate that the stoker furnace has a lower environmental impact than the combined
stoker/gas turbine system in case 1, and that the stoker plus ash melting system costs less than the gasification melting
system in case 2, but both systems had strong impacts on the environment. 相似文献
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A sex pheromone component novel to Ostrinia identified from Ostrinia latipennis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Takuma Takanashi Suguru Ohno Yongping Huang Sadahiro Tatsuki Hiroshi Honda Yukio Ishikawa 《Chemoecology》2000,10(3):143-147
Summary. Extracts from the sex pheromone gland of Ostrinia latipennis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry.
Only an EAD-active compound was detected in the extract, and it was identified as (E)-11-tetradecenol (E11-14:OH). In a wind-tunnel bioassay, E11-14:OH elicited a series of mate finding behaviors from males, although it was far less active than virgin females and crude
extract of the pheromone gland. The attractiveness of E11-14:OH to O. latipennis males was confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these findings, we concluded that E11-14:OH, which is novel to the genus Ostrinia, is a major component of the sex pheromone in O. latipennis. The significance of the use of alcohol in place of the usual acetates in Ostrinia is discussed in relation to the pheromone biosynthesis system.
Received 9 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000 相似文献
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Wataru?Kojima Takuma?TakanashiEmail author Yukio?Ishikawa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(2):171-179
Pupae of several insect species are known to generate air-borne sounds and/or substrate-borne vibrations, but the functions
of the sounds/vibrations are not well understood. Here, we present the first evidence of vibratory communication between pupae
and larvae of a group-living Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotoma which inhabits humus soil. The last-instar larvae of this beetle construct their own pupal cells to ensure normal pupation
and eclosion. These cells are fragile and subject to damage from burrowing larvae because pupae and larvae co-inhabit the
same patches of humus. In laboratory experiments, we demonstrated that pupal cells harboring live pupae were less likely to
be broken by larvae than those harboring dead pupae. It was also demonstrated that pupae produced vibrations in response to
larvae approaching the pupal cells. High-speed video and vibration analyses showed that pupae emitted 3–7 pulses at 1.3-s
intervals by beating their pronotum against the inner wall of the pupal cell. The pupal vibration was of low frequency with
a maximum energy at ≈ 100 Hz. The drumming behavior was more frequently observed in the presence of an approaching larva than
in its absence. When pupal vibrations were played back near to vacant artificial pupal cells, these cells were rarely disturbed
by the larvae. These results provide evidence that pupae generate vibrations to deter conspecific larvae, thereby preventing
damage to the cells. This larval response to pupal vibrations may have evolved through preexisting anti-predator and/or sib-killing-avoidance
behavior. 相似文献
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Yasuhiko Wada Takuma Okumoto Nariaki Wada 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):82-94
To form a sustainable recycling society, control industrial waste, and reutilize resources from waste to the greatest extent
possible, we evaluated the waste collection system in terms of CO2 emissions, the energy consumed, the amount recycled, the final disposal amount, and cost, particularly addressing the collection
and transportation processes of domestic waste and using LCA evaluation for multiple policies. The results showed that enforcement
of a combination of five optimal policies (as assessed in terms of their evaluation indexes), i.e., the use of clean energy
gas-powered vehicles, the station method, collection of waste segregated into 11 categories, collective collection, and simple
pay-as-you-go charges, might cultivate residents’ sense of responsibility in terms of controlling waste discharge. 相似文献
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Many insects form groups through interactions among individuals, and these are often mediated by chemical, acoustic, or visual cues and signals. In spite of the diversity of soil-dwelling insects, their aggregation behaviour has not been examined as extensively as that of aboveground species. We investigated the aggregation mechanisms of larvae of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus, which live in groups in humus soil. In two-choice laboratory tests, 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae gathered at conspecific larvae irrespective of the kinship. The ablation of maxillae, which bear chemosensilla, abolished aggregation behaviour. Intact larvae also exhibited aggregation behaviour towards a larval homogenate. These results suggest that larval aggregation is mediated by chemical cues. We also demonstrated that the mature larvae of T. dichotomus built their pupal cells close to a mesh bag containing a conspecific pupal cell, which indicated that larvae utilize chemical cues emanating from these cells to select the pupation site. Thus, the larvae of T. dichotomus may use chemical cues from the conspecifics in two different contexts, i.e. larval aggregation and pupation site selection. Using conspecific cues, larvae may be able to choose suitable locations for foraging or building pupal cells. The results of the present study highlight the importance of chemical information in belowground ecology. 相似文献
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Summary. To gain insight into the evolution of the sex pheromone communication system in Ostrinia (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), the sex pheromone of the burdock borer, O. zealis was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of
bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as
tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts (ratio) of the four compounds in single sex pheromone glands were 2.5 ng (13%), 11.6 ng (61%),
4.1 ng (21%) and 0.9 ng (5%), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin
females. 14:OAc did not show any enhancement or inhibition of the males’ behavioral responses when added to the ternary blend.
The attractiveness of the 3-component lure to O. zealis males was also confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. zealis is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 70:24:6. The evolutionary changes of the sex pheromones in Ostrinia are also discussed based on the presently available information on the sex pheromones and phylogenetic relationships of Ostrinia spp.
Received 25 September 1998; accepted 2 December 1998. 相似文献
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Nakano R Ishikawa Y Tatsuki S Surlykke A Skals N Takanashi T 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(6):292-296
Although sex pheromone communication in the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has been studied intensively, acoustic communication in this genus has not been explored. In this
study, we report that male-produced ultrasound serves as a courtship song in the Asian corn borer moth, O. furnacalis. Upon landing close to a pheromone-releasing female, a male showed a series of courtship behaviors involving emission of
ultrasound. The sounds were produced when the wings were vibrated quickly in an upright position. The male song was composed
of chirps, i.e., groups of pulses (duration of a chirp = 58.9 ms, 8.8 pulses/chirp), with a broadband frequency of 25–100 kHz.
In flight tunnel experiments, deaf and hearing females showed a significant difference in the incidence of three behavioral
responses to courting males, i.e., immediate acceptance, acceptance after walking, and rejection. Deaf females showed more
‘rejection’ and less ‘acceptance after walking’ than hearing females, indicating that the detection of male-produced ultrasound
plays an important role in the acceptance of a male. The findings are discussed in the context of exploitation of receiver
bias and mate choice. 相似文献
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