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1.
Human transformities in a global hierarchy: Emergy and scale in the production of people and culture
Thomas Abel 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(17):2112-2117
In emergy research, transformities are of fundamental importance. They are factors that are used to convert the inputs to a process into emergy. Once placed in emergy units, the inputs to any process can then be added together or compared. Furthermore, as a product of an emergy analysis, new transformities for outputs can be used in other analyses. By this process the collection of known transformities grows, and subsequent emergy analyses become more accurate. Human labor is often a critical input to an emergy analysis. Transformities for humans have only been roughly estimated based on education level, and should be judged as first approximations. This paper refines the existing values for human services, using similar techniques, but with some different assumptions. The result is a larger range of human transformities, expanded at both lower and upper ends that range from 7.53E4 to 7.53E13. There are many applications of this knowledge, from improving empirical studies to expositions of hierarchy that more reliably “locate” humans, economic production, and information within energy transformation hierarchies. 相似文献
2.
Peter A. Hesbach Ann G. Kim Alexander S. P. Abel Steven C. Lamey 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,168(1-4):523-545
Although many leaching methods have been used for various purposes by research groups, industries, and regulators, there is still a need for a simple but comprehensive approach to leaching coal utilization by-products and other granular materials in order to estimate potential release of heavy metals when these materials are exposed to natural fluids. A serial batch characterization method has been developed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory that can be completed in 2–3 days to serve as a screening tool. The procedure provides an estimate of cumulative metals release under varying pH conditions, and leaching the sample at increasing liquid/solid ratios can indicate the rate at which this process will occur. This method was applied to eight fly ashes, adapted to the acidic or alkaline nature of the ash. The leachates were analyzed for 30 elements. The test was run in quadruplicate, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was used as a measure of method reproducibility. RSD values are between 0.02 and 0.70, with the majority of the RSD values less than 0.3. The serial batch leaching procedure was developed as a simple, relatively quick, yet comprehensive method of estimating the risk of heavy metal release from fly ash when it is exposed to natural fluids, such as acid rain or groundwater. Tests on a random selection of coal fly ashes have shown it to be a reasonably precise method for estimating the availability and long-term release of cations from fly ash. 相似文献
3.
Mechanistic studies on herbivore functional responses have largely taken place in mammals; very little has been done in herbivorous birds so far. Here we aim to fill that gap by experimentally quantifying the (short-term) functional response of a large avian herbivore, the Bewick's Swan (Cygnus columbianus bewickii). We explicitly distinguish between encounter-limited and handling-limited foraging by analyzing the results in the framework of the models of D. E. Spalinger and N. T. Hobbs, originally developed for mammalian herbivory. Bite size in captive swans was experimentally manipulated by varying sward height. The time interval between two bites increased with bite size, which supports the handling-limited model (process 3) and rejects the encounter-limited models (processes 1 and 2). Subsequently, we took the obtained functional response parameters into the field in order to predict, from measurements of sward height, (1) bite sizes, (2) handling times, and (3) short-term intake rates in free-ranging swans. Indeed, for all three variables, the observed values closely matched the experimentally based predictions. Finally, we review functional response parameters available in the literature on avian herbivores and scale them allometrically in relation to mammals. This analysis revealed that maximum bite sizes, and therefore maximum intake rates, in herbivorous birds are smaller than in herbivorous mammals. We hypothesize and provide evidence that birds compensate by longer daily foraging times. 相似文献
4.
Abel Duarte Alonso 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(4):388-397
Despite aquaculture’s contribution providing an additional food source or employment in rural areas, this industry is often
presented in a controversial way, including its impact on the environment. However, an argument can also be made in favour
of aquaculture operators and their efforts to follow environmentally sound practices. Along these lines, the present study
investigates operators’ stance on environmental sustainability from a group of 26 Western Australian marron growers. Overall,
the findings demonstrate growers’ commitment to grow marron environmentally, for instance, without the use of fertilisers
or feeding. Furthermore, respondents are in agreement with the potential effects of environmentally unfriendly practices,
especially as in many cases marron growing is a complement to rural activities such as horticulture and cattle farming. At
the other end, some operators voice concerns on a different environmental issue, namely, the challenge that increasing droughts
and lack of sufficient rain is posing to their industry. 相似文献
5.
Fritz Paneth Richard Lorenz E. Frank E. Wepfer Othenio Abel 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1925,13(16):341-345
6.
Othenio Abel P. Schulze Hans Böker Hans Munter Moritz v. Rohr 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1925,13(20):435-440
7.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
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9.
Adeniyi Lateef Adeleke Afon Abel Omoniyi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(3):1172-1181
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This research investigates the types and quantity of different components of solid waste produced at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU)... 相似文献
10.
Gunster DG Gillis CA Bonnevie NL Abel TB Wenning RJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1993,82(3):245-253
Newark Bay, New Jersey, is particularly vulnerable to ecological damage from petroleum and chemical spills, as a result of the enclosed nature and shallow depth of the bay, the high frequency of shipping traffic, and the numerous chemical and petroleum transfer terminals located alongs its shores. To evaluate the potential impacts to the natural resources of this coastal estuarine ecosystem, chemical and petroleum accidents reported to the US Coast Guard (USCG) between 1982 and 1991 were compiled to determine the frequency and volume of these incidents in Newark Bay and in each of its major tributaries. Records obtained from the USCG National Response Center's computerized database indicated that more than 1453 accidental incidents, resulting in the release of more than 18 million US gallons of hazardous materials and petroleum products, occurred throughout Newark Bay during this period of time. The bulk of the materials released to the aquatic environment consisted of petroleum products, specifically No. 6 Fuel Oil (103 spills, 12 829 272 US gal) and gasoline (207 spills, 48 816 US gal). The majority of the reported incidents occurred in the Arthur Kill and its tributaries, as well as in the Kill Van Kull and the Passaic River. The results of this study indicated that the accidental discharge of petroleum and hazardous chemicals represents a significant source of chemical pollution in Newark Bay. Based on the frequency of spills and the volume of materials released to the aquatic environment, it is likely that these events are having a deleterious effect on the Newark Bay ecosystem. 相似文献