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Garey A. Fox George J. Sabbagh Robert W. Malone Ken Rojas 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(6):1359-1372
Abstract: Few studies exist that evaluate or apply pesticide transport models based on measured parent and metabolite concentrations in fields with subsurface drainage. Furthermore, recent research suggests pesticide transport through exceedingly efficient direct connections, which occur when macropores are hydrologically connected to subsurface drains, but this connectivity has been simulated at only one field site in Allen County, Indiana. This research evaluates the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) in simulating the transport of a parent compound and its metabolite at two subsurface drained field sites. Previous research used one of the field sites to test the original modification of the RZWQM to simulate directly connected macropores for bromide and the parent compound, but not for the metabolite. This research will evaluate RZWQM for parent/metabolite transformation and transport at this first field site, along with evaluating the model at an additional field site to evaluate whether the parameters for direct connectivity are transferable and whether model performance is consistent for the two field sites with unique soil, hydrologic, and environmental conditions. Isoxaflutole, the active ingredient in BALANCE® herbicide, was applied to both fields. Isoxaflutole rapidly degrades into a metabolite (RPA 202248). This research used calibrated RZWQM models for each field based on observed subsurface drain flow and/or edge of field conservative tracer concentrations in subsurface flow. The calibrated models for both field sites required a portion (approximately 2% but this fraction may require calibration) of the available water and chemical in macropore flow to be routed directly into the subsurface drains to simulate peak concentrations in edge of field subsurface drain flow shortly after chemical applications. Confirming the results from the first field site, the existing modification for directly connected macropores continually failed to predict pesticide concentrations on the recession limbs of drainage hydrographs, suggesting that the current strategy only partially accounts for direct connectivity. Thirty‐year distributions of annual mass (drainage) loss of parent and metabolite in terms of percent of isoxaflutole applied suggested annual simulated percent losses of parent and metabolite (3.04 and 1.31%) no greater in drainage than losses in runoff on nondrained fields as reported in the literature. 相似文献
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Two studies at three sites in the UK provided confirmation that systematic positive bias in NO2 diffusion tube measurement occurred because of changes to "within-tube" chemistry, rather than eddy diffusion at the mouth of the tube. In the first study in Cambridge, UK, sampler overestimation for 1 and 2 week exposures was compared to corresponding time-averaged monitor measurements (NO-NO2-NOx, O3) and weather variables. Noninearity between sampler and monitor NO2 measurements was interpreted in terms of spatial and temporal variations in relative and absolute availability of NO, NO2 and O3 at the site. A maximum overestimation occurred for an exposure mean NO2/NOx approximately 0.5. The separate contributions of reduced NO2 photolysis and eddy diffusion were compared in Study II using samplers of two materials, acrylic and quartz, and of different lengths (40, 55, 71 and 120 mm) at three sites: Norwich background, Cambridge intermediate, London kerbside. For compared sites, NO2 measured by acrylic samplers was significantly higher than for equivalent quartz samplers. For quartz samplers [NO2]mean was only just above the monitor at Norwich and London; sampler/monitor NO2 = 1.04 (P = 0.59) and 1.01(P = 0.76), respectively. For acrylic samplers the order of [NO2]mean was 40 mm > 120 mm > 71 mm > or = 55 mm. Excepting 40 mm samplers, this accords with a chemical bias where co-diffusing NO and 03 molecules in longer tubes have more time to react to form excess NO2. Bias in 40 mm samplers is discussed. Eddy diffusion is negligible for standard samplers because [NO2]mean was equivalent for 55 mm and 71 mm acrylic samplers and close to monitor NO2 for 71 mm quartz tubes. Both studies showed that sampler accuracy was dependent on location. Significantly, overestimation was greatest (approximately 3-4 ppb) where the NO2 annual mean was approximately 20 ppb, close to the UK and EU air quality standard of 21 ppb. 相似文献
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Self-ordered polymers and propagative cell-like systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sidney W. Fox 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1969,56(1):1-9
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This paper examines the relationship between North American beef consumption and deforestation in South and Central America.
Some writers have argued that consumption of hamburgers in North America, particularly hamburgers consumed in fast food restaurants,
contributes to the depletion of the rainforest in South and Central America. We survey the published policy literature on
the causes of rainforest depletion in the region. We also review the published estimates of the rate and extent of clearing
of rainforest that has occurred in South and Central America since 1970. Finally, we review the data on beef imports and consumption
in Canada and the United States in a effort to assess the importance of South and Central America as suppliers of beef to
the North American market. We conclude that the relationship between beef consumption in North America should not be considered
an important cause of forest depletion in South and Central America. Domestic policies and market forces in the countries
where rainforests are located are the leading causes of rainforest depletion in this region. This lesson seems to have been
lost on some popular and even some textbook writers on this subject.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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This study integrated aerial photographs from 1952, 1981, and 1998, and a satellite image from 2000 with oral histories and
socioeconomic surveys to assess changes in forest and land cover in Ang Nhai village, Laos. The study documents the history
of resource use and changes in household access to resources in the village. Three distinctive trends were observed in terms
of forest and land cover—forest degradation, deforestation, and regeneration. Project results suggest that land and forest
cover change dynamically under different circumstances. The case study also points out that integration into the market economy
can induce intensification of unused lowland areas, while removing pressures from upland areas previously used for supplementing
agricultural production. In addition, the creation of a national reserve forest to restrict local access and forest use was
an ineffective tool for regulating encroachment and logging activities. 相似文献
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The effects of SO(2) on species exhibiting Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) were determined with short term-high concentration 'acute' greenhouse exposures (0.6 to 3.0 microl liter(-1) (ppm) SO(2) for 2 and 8 h), and long term-low concentration 'chronic' field exposures (0.35 to 0.90 microl liter(-1) SO(2) for 32 to 79 h periodically over 7 to 13 days). In the acute greenhouse exposures, visible injury was observed on Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigel., exposed to 2.0 microl liter(-1) SO(2), but no injury was observed on Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Bryophyllum blossfeldiana Poelln., Bryophyllum pinnata (Lam.) Pers., or Bryophyllum tubiflora (Harv.) Hamet, exposed to up to 2.8 microl liter(-1) SO(2) for 8 h. Stomatal conductance during the exposures averaged 0.067+/-0.021mol(-2)s(-1) for Opuntia basilaris, 0.029+/-0.008mol(-2)s(-1) for Ananas comosus, and 0.029+/-0.008mol m(-2)s(-1) for Bryophyllum pinnata. Opuntia basilaris was injured early during the day, but not at night; with the injury appearing as a white necrotic banding across just fully expanded pads. Moderately injured pads would regreen beginning 1 to 2 weeks after exposure. In chronic field exposures, no visible injury from SO(2) was observed on Opuntia basilaris, Dudleya arizonica Rose or Agave deserti Engelm. plants, grown either with supplemental irrigation or natural rainfall. In addition, in the field SO(2) had no effect on CO(2) uptake, total sulfur content, transpiration, or tissue acidity in either the light or the dark, or in irrigated vs natural rainfall plots. 相似文献