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1.
Cheng Chen Rui-Chang Quan Guanghong Cao Hongpei Yang A. Cole Burton Michael Meitner Jedediah F. Brodie 《Conservation biology》2019,33(3):612-622
Management activities such as law enforcement and community outreach are thought to affect conservation outcomes in protected areas, but their importance relative to intrinsic environmental characteristics of the parks and extrinsic human pressures surrounding the parks have not been explored. Furthermore, it is not clear which is more related to conservation outcomes—the management itself or local people's perceptions of the management. We measured objective (reports by park staff) and subjective (reports by local people) levels of community outreach and law enforcement based on responses to 374 questionnaires. We estimated mammal abundance and diversity of 6 protected areas based on data from 115 camera traps in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with high hunting and land-conversion pressures. We then examined correlations among them and found that local people's perception of law enforcement was positively related to the local abundance of 2 large, hunted species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) (β = 15.22) and muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) (β = 14.82), but not related to the abundance of smaller mammals or to objective levels of enforcement. The subjective frequency of outreach by park staff to local communities (β = 3.42) and park size (β = 3.28) were significantly and positively related to mammal species richness, whereas elevation, human population density, and subjective frequency of law enforcement were not. We could not conclude that community outreach and law enforcement were directly causing increased mammal abundance and diversity. Nevertheless, the patterns we detected are some of the first empirical evidence consistent with the idea that biodiversity in protected areas may be more positively and strongly related to local perceptions of the intensity of park management than to either intrinsic (e.g., elevation, park size) or extrinsic (e.g., human population density) environmental factors. 相似文献
2.
Jeremy R. Brammer Nicolas D. Brunet A. Cole Burton Alain Cuerrier Finn Danielsen Kanwaljeet Dewan Thora Martina Herrmann Micha V. Jackson Rod Kennett Guillaume Larocque Monica Mulrennan Arun Kumar Pratihast Marie Saint‐Arnaud Colin Scott Murray M. Humphries 《Conservation biology》2016,30(6):1277-1287
Many argue that monitoring conducted exclusively by scientists is insufficient to address ongoing environmental challenges. One solution entails the use of mobile digital devices in participatory monitoring (PM) programs. But how digital data entry affects programs with varying levels of stakeholder participation, from nonscientists collecting field data to nonscientists administering every step of a monitoring program, remains unclear. We reviewed the successes, in terms of management interventions and sustainability, of 107 monitoring programs described in the literature (hereafter programs) and compared these with case studies from our PM experiences in Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greenland, and Vietnam (hereafter cases). Our literature review showed that participatory programs were less likely to use digital devices, and 2 of our 3 more participatory cases were also slow to adopt digital data entry. Programs that were participatory and used digital devices were more likely to report management actions, which was consistent with cases in Ethiopia, Greenland, and Australia. Programs engaging volunteers were more frequently reported as ongoing, but those involving digital data entry were less often sustained when data collectors were volunteers. For the Vietnamese and Canadian cases, sustainability was undermined by a mismatch in stakeholder objectives. In the Ghanaian case, complex field protocols diminished monitoring sustainability. Innovative technologies attract interest, but the foundation of effective participatory adaptive monitoring depends more on collaboratively defined questions, objectives, conceptual models, and monitoring approaches. When this foundation is built through effective partnerships, digital data entry can enable the collection of more data of higher quality. Without this foundation, or when implemented ineffectively or unnecessarily, digital data entry can be an additional expense that distracts from core monitoring objectives and undermines project sustainability. The appropriate role of digital data entry in PM likely depends more on the context in which it is used and less on the technology itself. 相似文献
3.
Newton M Cole EC Tinsley IJ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):573-583
Background, aim, and scope Large-scale deforestation is occurring in subarctic North America following clearing by salvage logging or insect attack.
Numerous shrubs, herbs, and deciduous tree species tend to dominate areas on which stands of white spruce have grown. In the
absence of economically advantageous mechanical methods, several herbicides have value in efforts to reforest by planting
white spruce. Glyphosate, imazapyr, triclopyr, and hexazinone are all capable of selectively removing many competing species,
but there is concern about whether they would degrade naturally or persist owing to the frigid climate.
Materials and methods We established test plots with all four herbicides in upland and river bottom sites at 65°N and 58°N latitudes. The northern
site has extremely cold winters, with soils that freeze to a depth of 1–2 m, and precipitation of 275 mm/year. The southern
site has heavy rain and snowfall, amounting to 2,250 mm/year evenly distributed. Soil seldom freezes deeply. On each test
plot, one of the four herbicides was applied at twice the normal operational use rate to facilitate detection. They were applied
at the normal timing, with hexazinone, imazapyr, and triclopyr applied in June and glyphosate applied in fall. Soils were
sampled immediately after treatment and those samples used as references for dissipation data gathered over the next 11–14 months
from soil 0- to 15- and 15- to 45-cm depths.
Results Dissipation rates did not follow first-order rates because freezing conditions slowed most microbial activity. All products
dissipated to close to or below detection limits within the time of the study. Dissipation from vegetation was substantially
more rapid and depended on the nature of the plants treated as well as the product used. While soil residues dissipated more
slowly than in temperate regions, they did display consistent dissipation patterns during above-freezing conditions and also
the influence of microbial activity. Mobility was very limited with all products but hexazinone.
Discussion These products dissipate during summer in high latitudes much as they would in temperate climates. Winter changes are small,
but are not unlike some changes reported elsewhere under freezing conditions. Unlike many other studies, soil water did not
influence dissipation heavily, but the high latitude and semi-arid climate also did not create severely droughty soils. Residues
in plants were much higher than those in soils, but denatured the vegetation quickly, leading to unsuitability for forage
in any case.
Conclusions Low toxicity of these products and their metabolites combined with consistent dissipation and low mobility suggest that toxic
hazard of their use at high latitudes need not be a matter of serious concern to humans, terrestrial wildlife, or aquatic
systems. They are safe for use in management and rehabilitation of boreal forests when used properly.
Recommendations and perspectives Dissipation at rates approaching those in warmer climates offer a hypothesis that microflora native to high latitudes may
be adapted to destruction of such molecules at lower temperatures than may be indicated by experiments with microflora adapted
to warmer climates. Residues pose no observable risk to wildlife or humans in the area of use when products are applied properly.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available for authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Does religion affect legislators’ behavior on environmental policy in the US? Studies of environmental policy making have not examined this question, although the literature suggests that religion might affect legislative behavior on environmental policy. This study examines the relationship between US House members’ religion and roll-call voting on environmental legislation from 1973 to 2009. It finds significant differences across religious traditions. Legislators’ party and characteristics of constituencies relevant to environmental politics increasingly, but not entirely, mediate these differences. 相似文献
5.
Trace Element Concentrations and Bioindicator Responses in Tree Swallows from Northwestern Minnesota 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Custer CM Custer TW Warburton D Hoffman DJ Bickham JW Matson CW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,118(1-3):247-266
Extremely high concentrations of cadmium (3.5 μg/g dry wgt.) and elevated concentrations of chromium (>10 μg/g dry wgt.) and mercury (1.6 μg/g dry wgt.) were reported in waterbird tissues at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Minnesota in 1994. Tree
swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were studied during 1998–2001 at three drainages into the Refuge, two pools on the Refuge, and at a nearby reference location
to document whether high levels of contaminants were still present, and if so to quantify the source and severity of the contamination.
Trace elements were measured in tree swallow eggs, livers, and diet. Reproductive success and bioindicator responses were
monitored. In 2000, water was drawn down on Agassiz Pool, one of the main pools on the Refuge. This presented an opportunity
to evaluate the response of trace element concentrations in the diet and tissues of tree swallows after reflooding. High concentrations
of trace elements were not detected in swallow tissues, nor were there differences among locations. Less than 20% of swallow
samples had detectable concentrations of cadmium or chromium. Mercury concentrations were low and averaged <0.25 μg/g dry wgt. in swallow tissues. Trace elements, including mercury, did not increase in tree swallows following the 2000 drawdown
at Agassiz Pool. Hatching success and survival of nestlings to 12 days-of-age for tree swallows on the Refuge were similar
to the national average and consistent with background trace element concentrations. Bioindicator measurements were within
the normal ranges as well. 相似文献
6.
John R. Dymond Tim J. A. Davie Andrew D. Fenemor Jagath C. Ekanayake Ben R. Knight Anthony O. Cole Oscar Montes de Oca Munguia Will J. Allen Roger G. Young Les R. Basher Marc Dresser Chris J. Batstone 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):484-493
Can we develop land use policy that balances the conflicting views of stakeholders in a catchment while moving toward long term sustainability? Adaptive management provides a strategy for this whereby measures of catchment performance are compared against performance goals in order to progressively improve policy. However, the feedback loop of adaptive management is often slow and irreversible impacts may result before policy has been adapted. In contrast, integrated modelling of future land use policy provides rapid feedback and potentially improves the chance of avoiding unwanted collapse events. Replacing measures of catchment performance with modelled catchment performance has usually required the dynamic linking of many models, both biophysical and socio-economic—and this requires much effort in software development. As an alternative, we propose the use of variable environmental intensity (defined as the ratio of environmental impact over economic output) in a loose coupling of models to provide a sufficient level of integration while avoiding significant effort required for software development. This model construct was applied to the Motueka Catchment of New Zealand where several biophysical (riverine water quantity, sediment, E. coli faecal bacteria, trout numbers, nitrogen transport, marine productivity) models, a socio-economic (gross output, gross margin, job numbers) model, and an agent-based model were linked. An extreme set of land use scenarios (historic, present, and intensive) were applied to this modelling framework. Results suggest that the catchment is presently in a near optimal land use configuration that is unlikely to benefit from further intensification. This would quickly put stress on water quantity (at low flow) and water quality (E. coli). To date, this model evaluation is based on a theoretical test that explores the logical implications of intensification at an unlikely extreme in order to assess the implications of likely growth trajectories from present use. While this has largely been a desktop exercise, it would also be possible to use this framework to model and explore the biophysical and economic impacts of individual or collective catchment visions. We are currently investigating the use of the model in this type of application. 相似文献
7.
Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment models were used to assess whether function in created wetlands of two ages (1 year
old and >12 years old) was equivalent to that of natural (reference) mainstem floodplain wetlands. Reference wetlands scored
higher than both created age classes for providing energy dissipation and short-term surface water storage. Reference wetlands scored higher in maintaining native plant community and structure than 1-year-old sites, and 12-year-old wetlands scored higher than reference sites for providing vertebrate habitat structure. Analysis of individual model variables showed that reference wetlands had greater vegetative biomass and higher soil organic
matter content than both created wetland age classes. Created wetlands were farther from natural wetlands and had smaller
mean forest patch sizes within a 1-km-radius circle around the site than did the reference sites, indicating less hydrologic
connectivity. Created wetlands also had less microtopographic variation than reference wetlands. The 1-year-old created sites
were placed in landscape settings with greater land use diversity and road density than reference sites. The 12-year-old sites
had a higher gradient and a higher percentage of their surrounding area in urban land use. These results show that the created
wetlands were significantly structurally different (if not functionally so) from reference wetlands even after 12 years. The
most profound differences were in hydrology and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. More attention needs to
be focused on placing created wetlands in appropriate settings to encourage proper hydrodynamics, eliminate habitat fragmentation,
and minimize the effects of stressors to the site. 相似文献
8.
Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management.
Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change.
This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a
real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor
characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness,
WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of
different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on
experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were
litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by.
The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different
use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference
in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance
of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate
the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters. 相似文献
9.
Kenneth R. Krach Benjamin R. Burns Baikun Li Alison Shuler Charles Cole Yuefeng Xie 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(3-4):369-378
Over three million dry metric tons of biosolids produced in the United States are land applied as Class B. Lime stabilization
is employed for biosolids treatment at approximately 20% of the wastewater treatment plants because it is a simple and inexpensive
process. During lime stabilization, the pH of sewage sludge is raised above 12 for pathogen inactivation and odor reduction.
Lime dose and mixing have been found to greatly reduce odor generation from lime stabilized biosolids. A better quality biosolids
product is less likely to create public opposition to land application programs. In this study, land application tests using
Class B biosolids were conducted in order to determine whether better mixing can reduce odor generation during the land application
of lime stabilized biosolids. The mixing quality of a treatment plant’s lime stabilized biosolids was improved by relocating
the lime addition point, which prolonged the mixing time and produced a better mixed biosolids product. Based on field observations
of land application, the poorly mixed biosolids were more odorous and offensive prior to incorporation. However, once incorporated
into the soil, there was no appreciable odor difference between the biosolids. Another land application study was conducted
to assess the odor of unincorporated Class A biosolids and compare it with incorporated Class A biosolids with the soil. 相似文献
10.