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Paul F. J. Eagles 《生态毒理学报》2002,(4):65-67
要保护公园的生态、社会、经济和文化价值 ,游客管理具有根本的重要性 . 政府要求公园进一 步在财政上自给自足 . 正在制定一个更加完善的管理方法代替单纯地限制游客的数量 . 这种 方法鼓励公众参与公园的目标设定和游客满意度评价 ,并奖励胜任的财务管理 . 相似文献
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Effects of Residential Development on Forest-Dwelling Neotropical Migrant Songbirds 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Many bird species are in local or regional decline because of habitat loss or degradation. We attempted to disentangle the effects of residential development from the effects of forest size on forest-bird communities, with particular emphasis on Neotropical migrant species. Two variables were examined for their influence on avian diversity and abundance: forest size and the number of houses outside a forest within 100 m of the edge. We found that Neotropical migrants consistently increased in number and abundance as forest size increased. Of greater interest, we found that the number of houses surrounding a forest severely undermined its suitability for Neotropical migrants. Neotropical migrants consistently decreased in diversity and abundance as the level of adjacent development increased, regardless of forest size. The effects of development were striking: 4-ha woodlots without any nearby houses had on average a richer, more abundant Neotropical community than did 25-ha urban woodlots. No predictable pattern of change concerning development or forest size was observed for short-distance migrants or permanent residents. Current planning regulations generally permit housing right up to forest edges. This practice may prevent protection of ecological features within the forest. Threshold distances for housing developments around forests need to be determined to prevent or minimize adverse effects on features and functions within the forests. 相似文献
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公园游客管理概念的演变 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul F.J.Eagles 《生态毒理学报》2002,24(3):65-67
要保护公园的生态、社会、经济和文化价值 ,游客管理具有根本的重要性 . 政府要求公园进一 步在财政上自给自足 . 正在制定一个更加完善的管理方法代替单纯地限制游客的数量 . 这种 方法鼓励公众参与公园的目标设定和游客满意度评价 ,并奖励胜任的财务管理 . 相似文献
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Paul Eagles Mark Havitz Bonnie McCutcheon Windekind Buteau-Duitschaever Troy Glover 《Environmental management》2010,45(6):1244-1256
Good governance is of paramount importance to the success of parks and protected areas. This research utilized a questionnaire
for 10 principles of governance to evaluate the outsourcing model used by British Columbia Provincial Parks, where profit-making
corporations provide all front country visitor services. A total of 246 respondents representing five stakeholder groups evaluated
the model according to each principle, using an online survey. Principal component analysis resulted in two of the 10 principles
(equity and effectiveness) each being split into two categories, leading to 12 governance principles. Five of the 12 criteria
received scores towards good governance: effectiveness outcome; equity general; strategic vision; responsiveness; and effectiveness
process. One criterion, public participation, was on the neutral point. Six criteria received scores below neutral, more towards
weak governance: transparency; rule of law; accountability; efficiency; consensus orientation; and, equity finance. The five
stakeholder groups differed significantly on 10 of the 12 principles (P < .05). The 2 exceptions were for efficiency and effectiveness process. Seven of the 12 criteria followed a pattern wherein
government employees and contractors reported positive scores, visitors and representatives of NGOs reported more negative
scores, and nearby residents reported mid-range scores. Three criteria had government employees and contractors reporting
the most positive scores, residents and visitors the most negative scores, and NGO respondents reporting mid-range scores.
This research found evidence that perceptions of governance related to this outsourcing model differed significantly amongst
various constituent groups. 相似文献
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This paper examines the recent evolution in the governance of protected area tourism in China. China now sees cooperation
in the form of public-private partnerships occurring between authorized private tourism enterprises in various organizational
forms and the public managers from specific portfolio departments of governments at different levels. Three types of governance
models are visible: the Leasing Model, the Non-listed Share-holding Model, and the Public-listed Share-holding Model. Theories
of corporate governance were applied to these models to analyze the internal and external mechanisms of supervision and incentives
for both the government agencies and the authorized tourism enterprises for nature-based tourism operations. The Principal-Agent
problem and the supervision mechanism are the focus of the analysis. The emerging governance approaches for tourism in protected
areas of China are all theoretically viable, as explained by the theory of property rights and corporate governance, and practically
viable as elaborated in the cases of the three types of governance models summarized in this paper. 相似文献
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Graham S. Whitelaw Paul F.J. Eagles Robert B. Gibson Mark L. Seasons 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2008,51(6):801-816
The paper explores the roles of environmental movement organisations (EMOs) in land-use planning, including domain creation (establishment of new or modified landscape planning boundaries) and regime change (adoption of new or modified legal and planning rules). The research involved two case studies of land-use planning processes: the Niagara Escarpment and Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario, Canada. The two cases together reveal an evolution of land-use planning towards collaborative processes on mainly private lands in Southern Ontario during the period from 1960 to 2002. The results suggest that EMOs can create new planning domains through agenda setting activities, build landscape value and vision, educate governments and the public, and work to maintain and alter regimes. Collaborative planning has emerged as an important process in which some EMOs are now participating. 相似文献
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Juan Carlos Valdivieso Paul F.J. Eagles Joan Carles Gil 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(9):1544-1561
Despite the increasing number of protected areas around the world and their importance in the conservation of species and ecosystems, protected areas management capacity remains difficult to evaluate. A standard is needed to help policy makers compare the goals with the results obtained. This empirical research builds a tool to analyze the management efficiency and predicts the new touristic outcomes in case of a policy change. Using as example the state parks agencies in the USA, this paper develops a technological frontier using data envelopment analysis based on the Protected Areas Management Approach. After that, a prediction of the outcomes is analyzed with a budget change for any state park agency. Data suggest that many of them need to improve their performance to be more efficient. Another result obtained shows how budget changes will affect each agency's performance in different degrees and, therefore, budget reductions should be modeled separately. 相似文献
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