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Saturday effects in tanker oil spills 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper documents a “Saturday effect” in the timing of tanker oil spills—certain types of spills happen much more frequently on this day than one would expect if the spills were uniformly distributed. The phenomenon is restricted to Europe and North America, and is associated with “vessel guidance” accidents—groundings, collisions, and rammings. Eliminating the Saturday effect would reduce tanker oil spills by around 163,000 gallons per year. Several policy responses are considered, including a Saturday harbor tax. A lower bound for an efficient tax is estimated to be $780 for a 20 million gal cargo. 相似文献
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We explore the topic of restorative justice in organizations. The tradition of restorative justice directs attention to the aftermath of wrongdoing. We highlight three ways offenders (making amends), victims (extending forgiveness), and organizations (fostering reintegration) restore justice in the workplace. Our paper concludes with questions for future research and inquiry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Climate change incurs costs, but government adaptation budgets are limited. Beyond a certain point, individuals must bear
the costs or adapt to new circumstances, creating political-economic tipping points that we explore in three examples. First,
many Alaska Native villages are threatened by erosion, but relocation is expensive. To date, critically threatened villages
have not yet been relocated, suggesting that we may already have reached a political-economic tipping point. Second, forest
fires shape landscape and ecological characteristics in interior Alaska. Climate-driven changes in fire regime require increased
fire-fighting resources to maintain current patterns of vegetation and land use, but these resources appear to be less and
less available, indicating an approaching tipping point. Third, rapid sea level rise, for example from accelerated melting
of the Greenland ice sheet, will create a choice between protection and abandonment for coastal regions throughout the world,
a potential global tipping point comparable to those now faced by Arctic communities. The examples illustrate the basic idea
that if costs of response increase more quickly than available resources, then society has fewer and fewer options as time
passes. 相似文献
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Jobs and the environment: An overview 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eban Goodstein 《Environmental management》1996,20(3):313-321
This paper provides an overview of economic research on the relationship between environmental protection and employment. The paper addresses, first, the impact of existing regulation on overall employment rates, shutdowns and layoffs, and regulation-induced capital flight from developed countries. Second, the paper provides a framework for evaluating claims that, over the longer run, environmental protection measures will boost overall employment and provide the foundation for a robust, sustainable economy. 相似文献
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