排序方式: 共有21条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
科学的挑战--重视成本效益,清洁波罗的海 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fredrik Wulff Erik Bonsdorff Ing-Marie Gren Sif Johansson Anders Stigebrandt 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2001,30(4):254-259
波罗的海是世界上受人类活动影响最严重的海洋之一,虽然有减少向波罗的海排放营养物质的国际协议,但迄今为止采取的措施,既没有从根本上减少营养物质的排放,也没有促进环境的改善.部分原因可以归咎为缺少有关物理学、生物地球化学和生态特性之间大尺度关系和相互作用的知识,但是还缺少全流域范围的成本效益分析.错误的决策非常危险,例如,执行的减少排放的方案根本没有效果,或远远达不到成本效益.许多学科的研究者正面临着一个共同的挑战开发一个决策支持系统,作为整个波罗的海成本效益分析法的科学基础.研究项目海洋富营养化的研究(MARE)(http∥www.mare.su.se)正致力于这方面的研究. 相似文献
2.
In mine water pollution abatement, it is commonly assumed that known mine waste sites are the major pollution sources, thus neglecting the possibility of significant contribution from other old and diffuse sources within a catchment. We investigate the influence of different types of pollution source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of abatement measures for mine water pollution. A catchment-scale cost-minimization model is developed and applied to the catchment of the river Dalälven, Sweden, in order to exemplify important effects of such source uncertainty. Results indicate that, if the pollution distribution between point and diffuse sources is partly unknown, downstream abatement measures, such as constructed wetlands, at given compliance boundaries are often cost-effective. If downstream abatement measures are not practically feasible, the pollution source distribution between point and diffuse mine water sources is critical for cost-effective solutions to abatement measure allocation in catchments. In contrast, cost-effective solutions are relatively insensitive to uncertainty in total pollutant discharge from mine water sources. 相似文献
3.
This article analyzes and carries out an econometric test of the explanatory power of economic and attitude variables for
occurrences of the nonnative signal crayfish in Swedish waters. Signal crayfish are a carrier of plague which threatens the
native noble crayfish with extinction. Crayfish are associated with recreational and cultural traditions in Sweden, which
may run against environmental preferences for preserving native species. Econometric analysis is carried out using panel data
at the municipality level with economic factors and attitudes as explanatory variables, which are derived from a simple dynamic
harvesting model. A log-normal model is used for the regression analysis, and the results indicate significant impacts on
occurrences of waters with signal crayfish of changes in both economic and attitude variables. Variables reflecting environmental
and recreational preferences have unexpected signs, where the former variable has a positive and the latter a negative impact
on occurrences of waters with signal crayfish. These effects are, however, counteracted by their respective interaction effect
with income. 相似文献
4.
Ing-Marie Gren 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):695-703
This paper calculates the economic value of coastal zones as nutrient filters by using the replacement cost method, which implies that the value is calculated as the savings in costs from reaching politically determined future nutrient target. It is shown that the magnitude of this value depends on the cost of other abatement measures besides nutrient filters of coastal zones, the stringency and timing of the nutrient target, discount rate, and spatial and temporal dispersions of cleaning impacts. The application to the Baltic Sea indicates that the value can amount to approximately 600 billions of SEK (1 Euro = 9.01 SEK, June 3, 2012), which corresponds to 1.9 % of the Baltic Sea region’s total gross domestic product. The largest gains are obtained by Poland because this country faces the largest financial burdens of meeting targets. 相似文献
5.
This study estimates efficient nitrogen load reductions to the Stockholm archipelago, a Swedish coastal zone in the Baltic
Sea, and compares these with politically determined and implemented nitrogen abatement programs. The region is relatively
well equipped with necessary data, and a simple programming model is constructed. The results show a large divergence in efficient
nitrogen reductions, mainly due to the divergences in benefit estimates from water quality improvements in the archipelago.
However, the results need to be interpreted with caution due to all uncertainties related to predicting net values from changes
in nitrogen load to a coastal zone. In spite of this, it is still of policy relevance to infer results which show that the
politically determined target coincides with an efficient nitrogen reduction at relatively low benefit estimate, but that
actual net benefits could be increased from a reallocation of abatement measures towards more low cost measures. 相似文献
6.
联合国将碳中和视为当今世界最为紧迫的任务,而农业是温室气体排放最多的产业之一,各国相继出台政策积极开展农业农村减排工作。韩国自2012年开始逐渐减少海洋粪污排泄量,并大力实行绿色种养循环农业,解决本国内畜禽粪污问题。韩国作为中国的重要海上邻国,不论是从研究借鉴角度抑或生态系统共享角度,了解其环境保护政策都是十分必要的。本文从韩国实施的主要政策、各地区农地养分收支现状、代表性运营模式案例、政策关注焦点等方面介绍韩国绿色种养循环农业的发展概况,结合中国绿色种养循环农业现状开展研究。提出三点政策建议:第一,进一步完善畜禽粪污资源化利用机具补贴辅助管理系统,提高系统在农户中的普及率;第二,提高全民环保意识的同时,政府的角色不应局限自上而下的引导型,应该积极促进种植户和养殖户间的自发组织,并大力提倡吸纳社会资本,集结社会各方力量;第三,促进绿色种养循环农业产品的商品化和品牌化,从而调动农户参与绿色种养循环农业的积极性。 相似文献
7.
Successful implementation of an international nutrient abatement agreement, such as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), requires
consistent understanding of the baseline nutrient loads, and a perception of acceptable costs and fairness in targeted reductions
of these base line loads. This article presents a general framework for identifying the implications of divergence between
different nutrient load quantification approaches, with regard to both cost and fairness criteria outcomes, for the international
agreement to decrease nutrient loads into the Baltic Sea as presented in the BSAP. The results indicate that even relatively
small divergence in the nutrient load quantification translates into relatively large differences in abatement cost for different
Baltic Sea countries. A robust result, irrespective of differences in nutrient load assessments, is a conflict between abatement
cost effectiveness and fairness, with relatively poor countries facing heavy abatement cost burdens for cost-effective international
load abatement. 相似文献
8.
9.
This study employed a diary method to investigate everyday conversations. Consistent with a dynamic view of partner context interaction, it was predicted that conversations occurring in different contexts would show variations with respect to topics and conversation partners. Turkish university students recorded durations, topics, and conversation partners of their conversations for seven consecutive days. Contexts, topics, and partners were categorized. Respondents were utilized as units of analyses. Analyses revealed that context of conversations were related to topic and partner categories as well as intimacy ratings of partners and topics. 相似文献
10.
Policy design for a multifunctional landscape 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ing-Marie Gren Lisa Svensson Magnus Carlsson Kevin Bishop 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(4):339-348
Landscapes consisting of several elements, such as wetlands and forests, are multifunctional in nature and produce both market
and non-market goods. The need for policies arises from the existence of non-market ecosystem services that are not traded
and thereby generally not subject to economic trade-offs in landowner decision making. An efficient incentive scheme for producing
both types of goods would require policy designed for each non-market good. However, this may result in high transaction costs,
possibly giving second-best solutions a comparative advantage when only one non-market good is regulated. This paper demonstrates
that in the Hovran catchment area in mid Sweden, which produces the non-market goods water quality, biodiversity, and scenic
beauty, compensation payments for biodiversity production alone provide almost maximum total net value of all market and non-market
goods. On the other hand, payments for providing scenic beauty in the form of open landscape may result in lower total net
value than no compensation payment at all, due to a negative impact on water quality. 相似文献