COPPER, TECHNOLOGY AND DEPENDENCE IN ZAIRE: TOWARDS THE DEMYSTIFICATION OF THE NEW WHITE MAGIC

In the past, the dependence of developing country producers of minerals was thought to be related to lack of capital and lack of personnel. At present, this dependence is maintained by the “new white magic” of technology. Examining the concrete case of copper in Zaire, this article deals with three broad aspects of technological dependence: in the provision of technical personnel for the mining enterprises, in the processing of minerals, and in marketing. In each case, it can be shown that the potential independence of Zaire is considerably greater than what has actually been achieved to date. Moreover, a major barrier to the achievement of more effective national control over the copper industry is the misperception on the part of Zaire of certain key aspects of the industry. A clearer view of the reality of the copper sector would show that national control can in fact be realized. Autrefois on pensait que la dépendence des pays en développement producteurs de minéraux était liée au manque de capitaux et de cadres. De nos jours, cet état de dépendance est alimenté par la “nouvelle magie blanche” de la technologie. En examinant le cas concret du cuivre au Zaïre cet article présente trois grandes lignes de cette dépendance technologique en matière de personnel technique des entreprises minières, de traitement des minéraux et de leur commercialisation. Dans chaque cas, on peut démontrer que les chances d'indépendance du Zaïre sont sensiblement plus élevées qu'elles ne l'ont été jusqu‘à présent. De plus, la perception erronée qu'a le Zaïre de certains aspects clefs de son industrie constitute un obstacle majeur à la réalisaton d'un contrôle national plus efficace de l'industrie du cuivre. Une vue plus claire des réalités du secteur du cuivre démontrerait qu'un contrôle national peut effectivement être mis en place. En el pasado se pensaba que la dependencia de los países en desarrollo productores de minerales estaba relacionado a la falta de capital y personal capacitado. Al presente esta dependencia se mantiene gracias a la “magia blanca de la tecnología.” Al examinar el caso concreto del cobre en Zaire, este artículo trata tres aspectos amplios de dependencia tecnológica: en el personal técnico de las compañías mineras, en el proceso de minerales y en el mercadéo. En cada caso se puede demostrar que el potencial para la independencia tecnológica de Zaire es considerablemente mayor que la que se ha alcanzado al presente. Sin embargo, la mayor barrera para obtener un control nacional más efectivo de la industria de cobre es la falsa percepción de parte de Zaire sobre ciertos aspectos claves de la industria. Una visión más clara de la realidad del sector cuprífero podría mostrar que su control nacional es posible de conseguir.     

Effects of untreated hospital effluents on the accumulation of toxic metals in sediments of receiving system under tropical conditions: Case of South India and Democratic Republic of Congo

Physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses have been performed to assess the quality of sediments receiving untreated hospital effluents from Indian and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) hospitals. The sediments were collected monthly and characterized for grain size, organic matter, total organic carbon, total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, toxic metals and ecotoxicity. The results highlight the high concentration of toxic metals from the Indian hospital effluent receiving systems, especially for Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Hg. On the other hand, the metal concentrations in the sediment receiving system from DRC are low (e.g. maximum Hg and Zn concentration were 0.46 and 48.84 mg kg⁻¹ respectively). Ostracods exposed to sediment samples H2 (September month sample) and H3 (June and September month samples) were found dead after 6 d of exposure whereas the higher mortality rate for Congo sediments was 23% but was accompanied with 33 ± 7% of growth inhibition. The results of this study show the variation of sediment composition on toxic metal levels as well as toxicity related to both, the type of hospitals and the sampling period. Additionally, hospital effluent disposal practices at the study sites can lead to the pollution of water resources and may generate risks for aquatic organisms and human health.