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Summary.
Metrius contractus, a primitive paussoid bombardier beetle, emits its defensive quinonoid froth with accompanying sound (a faint “hiss”), but
the sound is not pulsed, indicating that the secretory emission itself is not pulsed. Pulsed secretory delivery in bombardier
beetles appears to occur in Brachinini only.
Received 8 July 2001; accepted 23 July 2001. 相似文献
2.
Pearce Tristan Currenti Renee Mateiwai Asinate Doran Brendan 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(2):501-510
Regional Environmental Change - Changing precipitation patterns including more intense and prolonged dry periods have become a growing concern for people living in the Pacific Island region. People... 相似文献
3.
Russell M. Wise Graham P. von Maltitz Robert J. Scholes Chris Elphinstone Renee Koen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(7):579-604
Minimising the cost of repeatedly estimating C (C) stocks is crucial to the financial viability of projects that seek to sell
C credits. Depending on the price of C, this may imply less or more sampling effort than would be applied for science objectives.
In systems with heterogeneous C pools, such as savannas, this translates into a variable-effort sampling strategy that maximises
the marginal additional C that can be claimed per incremental unit of effort expended. Analysis of a savanna in north-eastern
South Africa indicates relatively modest returns per hectare due to the small C quantities and low sequestration rates. Under
these conditions, areas in excess of 1,000 ha and infrequent sampling frequencies of 5–10 years are required to make such
projects financially viable. For such projects the sample variance, number of samples, cost per sample and establishment costs
have negligible impacts on financial viability. It was also found that the soil-C pool contributes up to three times the net
returns of the aboveground C pool and provides a strong argument to monitor soil C for certification and market trading. The
financial viability estimates, however, do not include the management or opportunity costs incurred in changing the land use.
The economies of scale identified in this study combined with the massive area covered by savannas indicate that these additional
costs can be covered. Further research is recommended to quantify these costs and interrogate the feasibility of large scale
(in excess of 10,000 ha) C-sink projects in savanna systems. 相似文献
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A solid-phase microbiological assay was used to determine the changes in genotoxicity associated with sequestration or biodegradation of carcinogenic compounds in contaminated soils. The concentration of six carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) did not change in 59 d in sterile soil, but the genotoxicity declined markedly. In a soil undergoing bioremediation in the field for 147 d or biodegradation in the laboratory for 180 d, the concentrations either changed little or declined at different rates, but the genotoxicity increased followed by a decline. The genotoxicity of a second soil declined as a result of biological treatment. The data show that genotoxicity of contaminated soils may be unrelated to the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs because of aging or new mutagens formed during biological treatment. 相似文献
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Thomas Eisner Daniel J. Aneshansley Jayne Yack Athula B. Attygalle Maria Eisner 《Chemoecology》2001,11(4):209-219
Summary. The defensive glandular apparatus of primitive bombardier beetles of the tribe Crepidogastrini (Carabidae) is described for
the first time. As exemplified by two African species (Crepidogaster ambreana and C. atrata), the apparatus conforms to the basic bombardier plan, in that the glands are bicompartmented and the secretion is quinonoid
(it contains 1,4-benzoquinones and hydrocarbons), hot, and discharged audibly. In a number of morphological respects the crepidogastrine
apparatus resembles that of the classical bombardiers of the tribe Brachinini (rather than that of bombardiers of the paussoid
lineage), reinforcing the view, already held on taxonomic grounds, that the Crepidogastrini and Brachinini are closely related.
That the Crepidogastrini may be primitive relative to Brachinini is underscored by the finding that, unlike brachinines, crepidogastrines
do not pulse their secretory emissions. Moreover, they discharge their secretion as a mist, rather than forcibly in the form
of jets.
Received 22 May 2001; accepted 29 May 2001. 相似文献
8.
Leaf cuticle waxes were extracted from monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (DAT) following 1x and 2x MSMA applications. Wax constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and compared to alkane and alcohol standards of carbon lengths varying from C21 to C30. Differences in waxes were calculated and reported as change per ng mm2-1. Tricosane (C23) was found to increase following MSMA applications. All other alkanes decreased by 7 DAT, with some showing a linear effect over time in the R-cocklebur. Alcohol constituents were also observed to decrease by 7 DAT. Total arsenic in the extracted wax fraction was determined, with greatest quantities detected in the R-cocklebur. Wax changes are not believed to play a role in cotton tolerance, since changes in cuticle concentrations were minimal. Cocklebur resistance to MSMA is not due to cuticle constituents; the wax changes are a secondary effect in response to herbicide application. 相似文献
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Roads as Conduits for Exotic Plant Invasions in a Semiarid Landscape 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34