Government Sponsored Air Pollution Research Relating to Agriculture

The absorption of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by aqueous solutions of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and chlorine plus sodium hydroxide was studied using a two-inch diameter absorption column packed with ¼ inch Intalox saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions occurring in the aqueous chlorine and hydroxide media. These solutions were studied as a means of controlling sulfur-containing gas emissions from kraft paper mills. The absorption studies indicated that aqueous chlorine solutions at a pH above 12 were effective absorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal in absorption equipment designed to tolerate sulfur in suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous chlorine solutions appeared to be impractical since dimethyl disulfide was apparently the only product formed and was stripped from the tower by the gas stream. Sodium hydroxide solution was an effective absorbent for both methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were greater than 1 or 1.8, respectively. The mercaptan absorption coefficient was approximately twice that for sulfide absorption.     

Taxing mineral resource projects : Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines

Within the context of a case study of three Asia/Pacific countries' mineral taxation regimes, this article examines the impact of individual fiscal instrucments, and the total fiscal package, on investor risk perceptions, investor returns and government receipts. It shows that under conditions of uncertainty and risk aversion on the part of investors, significant gains in expected government revenues can be achieved without seriously affecting the investors' ex-ante assessments of projects by a judicious selection and mix of fiscal instruments.     

地质勘探作业人员血吸虫防护服装的研究

用氯硝柳胺溶液浸染的织物制成血吸虫防护服装，经动物保护实验和穿着损耗试验证明，具有显著、持久的防御血吸虫尾蚴感染效果     

Examining Modeling Approaches for the Rainfall‐Runoff Process in Wildfire‐Affected Watersheds: Using San Dimas Experimental Forest

Wildfire can significantly change watershed hydrological processes resulting in increased risks for flooding, erosion, and debris flow. The goal of this study was to evaluate the predictive capability of hydrological models in estimating post‐fire runoff using data from the San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF), San Dimas, California. Four methods were chosen representing different types of post‐fire runoff prediction methods, including a Rule of Thumb, Modified Rational Method (MODRAT), HEC‐HMS Curve Number, and KINematic Runoff and EROSion Model 2 (KINEROS2). Results showed that simple, empirical peak flow models performed acceptably if calibrated correctly. However, these models do not reflect hydrological mechanisms and may not be applicable for predictions outside the area where they were calibrated. For pre‐fire conditions, the Curve Number approach implemented in HEC‐HMS provided more accurate results than KINEROS2, whereas for post‐fire conditions, the opposite was observed. Such a trend may imply fundamental changes from pre‐ to post‐fire hydrology. Analysis suggests that the runoff generation mechanism in the watershed may have temporarily changed due to fire effects from saturation‐excess runoff or subsurface storm dominated complex mechanisms to an infiltration‐excess dominated mechanism. Infiltration modeling using the Hydrus‐1D model supports this inference. Results of this study indicate that physically‐based approaches may better reflect this trend and have the potential to provide consistent and satisfactory prediction.     

Prospects for Exhaust Control by Engine Modification

In order to assist in assessing potential odor problems arising from chemical manufacturing operations, the odor thresholds of 53 commercially important odorant chemicals have been determined using a standardized and defined procedure. The odor threshold data previously available have shown wide variation reflecting the diversity of procedures and techniques used. Factors that may affect the odor threshold measurement include the mode of presentation of the stimulus to the observer, the influence of extraneous odorants in the presentation system, the type of observer used, the definition of the odor response, the treatment of the data obtained, and the chemical purity of the odorant. The experimental approach used has minimized these variations. The odorants were presented to a trained odor panel in a static air system utilizing a low odor background air as the dilution medium. The odor threshold is defined as the first concentration at which all panel members can recognize the odor. The effect of chemical purity has been determined by measuring the odor threshold of materials representing different modes of manufacture or after purification by gas chromatographic procedures. The threshold concentrations range over six orders of magnitude. Trimethylamine exhibited the lowest threshold (0.00021 ppm volume); methylene chloride was not recognizable below 214 ppm. Of the 53 chemicals, sulfur bearing compounds exhibit low threshold values on the order of parts per billion. Aside from the sulfides, it is not possible to anticipate the odor threshold of a material based on its chemical structure or functionality.     

推行风险抵押制度增强矿山安全执法的可操作性

为贯彻《矿山安全法》，１９９３ 年，句容市制定了《矿山企业安全生产风险抵押金制度》及其《实施细则》。操作中，按生产规模，制定五种风险金收交档次，每年初，企业将风险金交市安委会，年终实行企业、主管部门和市安委会“三级”考核，并按等级返还，返还额可用于下年风险金按同档加倍缴纳。风险抵押，也可用于内部奖励。发生事故，风险金余款作为全市安全生产活动和奖励资金。经过几年运作，取得了明显效果，矿山事故逐年下降，得到部、省、市的肯定和表彰     

工业振动危害和控制研究观念的进展

论述了对产生振动的机械设备实施隔振,不仅能减少或消除振动对振源周围的操作者、精密仪器设备和建筑带来的危害和影响,而且能直接或间接带来很大的经济效益;从理论上和实践上重点论述了隔振能延长机械设备精密部件和其所带模具的寿命;提出了隔振当量经济效益概念。这些探讨和研究工作对隔振决策有重要的参考意义