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M.J. Robertson T.G. Measham G. Batchelor R. George R. Kingwell K. Hosking 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(10):3023-3030
Community and catchment-based approaches to salinity management continue to attract interest in Australia. In one such approach, Catchment Demonstration Initiative (CDI) projects were established by the Western Australian (WA) Government in 2000 for targeted investment in large-scale catchment-based demonstrations of integrated salinity management practices. The aim was to promote a process for technically-informed salinity management by landholders. This paper offers an evaluation of the effectiveness of one CDI project in the central wheatbelt of WA, covering issues including: its role in fostering adoption of salinity management options, the role of research and the technical requirements for design and implementation of on-ground works, the role of monitoring and evaluation, the identification and measurement of public and private benefits, comparison and identification of the place and value of plant-based and engineering-based options, reliance on social processes and impacts of constraints on capacity, management of governance and administration requirements and an appreciation of the value of group-based approaches.A number of factors may reduce the effectiveness of CDI-type approaches in facilitating landholder action to address salinity, many of these are socially-based. Such approaches can create considerable demands on landholders, can be expensive (because of the planning and accountability required) on the basis of dollars per hectare impacted, and can be difficult to garner ownership from all involved. An additional problem could be that few community groups would have the capacity to run such programs and disseminate the new knowledge so that the CDI-type projects can impact outside the focus catchment. In common with many publicly-funded approaches to salinity, we found that direct benefits on public assets are smaller than planned and that results from science-based requirements of monitoring and evaluation have long lead times, causing farmers to either wait for the information or act sooner and take risks based on initial results. We also found that often it is a clear outline of the process that is of most importance in decision making as opposed to the actual results. We identified limitations in regulatory processes and the capacity for local government to engage in the CDI.The opportunities that CDI-type approaches provide centre around the value of its group-based approach. We conclude that they can overcome knowledge constraints in managing salinity by fostering group-based learning, offer a structured process of trialling options so that the costs and benefits can be clearly and transparently quantified, and avoid the costly mistakes and “learning failures” of the past. 相似文献
2.
Thomas G. Measham 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1096-1107
Conventional approaches to evaluation of environmental programs have tended to limit themselves to restricted measures of
program effectiveness. This paper shows how a social learning approach can be incorporated into evaluating public environmental
programs. A social learning approach is particularly suited to complex environmental challenges which are inherently difficult
to understand, predict, and manage, thus complicating the evaluation process. The paper presents an Australian case study
of dryland salinity management where there are major knowledge barriers impeding conventional management techniques. The research
presented in this paper focused on evaluating a public demonstration program to track its impact through its design, implementation,
and monitoring phases. The paper shows that, by incorporating social learning principles and practices, program evaluation
can promote collective action, critical reflection, and increased knowledge to underpin improved environmental management. 相似文献
3.
Natalie A. Jones Pascal Perez Thomas G. Measham Gail J. Kelly Patrick d’Aquino Katherine A. Daniell Anne Dray Nils Ferrand 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1180-1195
Participatory modeling is increasingly recognized as an effective way to assist collective decision-making processes in the
domain of natural resource management. This article introduces a framework for evaluating projects that have adopted a participatory
modeling approach. This evaluation framework—known as the “Protocol of Canberra”—was developed through a collaboration between
French and Australian researchers engaged in participatory modeling and evaluation research. The framework seeks to assess
the extent to which different participatory modeling initiatives not only modify perceptions among and interactions between
participants, but also contribute to collective decision-making. The article discusses the development of the framework and
it’s application to three case-studies, two from Australia and one from the Pacific Island of the Republic of Kiribati. The
article concludes with some comments for future use of the framework in a range of participatory modeling contexts. 相似文献
4.
Adapting to climate change through local municipal planning: barriers and challenges 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
Thomas G. Measham Benjamin L. Preston Timothy F. Smith Cassandra Brooke Russell Gorddard Geoff Withycombe Craig Morrison 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(8):889-909
Municipal planning represents a key avenue for local adaptation, but is subject to recognised constraints. To date, these
constraints have focused on simplistic factors such as limited resources and lack of information. In this paper we argue that
this focus has obscured a wider set of constraints which need to be acknowledged and addressed if adaptation is likely to
advance through municipal planning. Although these recognised constraints are relevant, we argue that what underpins these
issues are more fundamental challenges affecting local, placed-based planning by drawing on the related field of community-based
environmental planning (CBEP). In considering a wider set of constraints to practical attempts towards adaptation, the paper
considers planning based on a case study of three municipalities in Sydney, Australia in 2008. The results demonstrate that
climate adaptation was widely accepted as an important issue for planning conducted by local governments. However, it was
yet to be embedded in planning practice which retained a strong mitigation bias in relation to climate change. In considering
the case study, we draw attention to factors thus far under-acknowledged in the climate adaptation literature. These include
leadership, institutional context and competing planning agendas. These factors can serve as constraints or enabling mechanisms
for achieving climate adaptation depending upon how they are exploited in any given situation. The paper concludes that, through
addressing these issues, local, place-based planning can play a greater role in achieving climate adaptation. 相似文献
5.
Success Factors for Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM): Lessons from Kenya and Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent concerns over a crisis of identity and legitimacy in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have emerged following several decades of documented failure. A substantial literature has developed on the reasons for failure in CBNRM. In this paper, we complement this literature by considering these factors in relation to two successful CBNRM case studies. These cases have distinct differences, one focusing on the conservation of hirola in Kenya on community-held trust land and the other focusing on remnant vegetation conservation from grazing pressure on privately held farm land in Australia. What these cases have in common is that both CBNRM projects were initiated by local communities with strong attachments to their local environments. The projects both represent genuine community initiatives, closely aligned to the original aims of CBNRM. The intrinsically high level of “ownership” held by local residents has proven effective in surviving many challenges which have affected other CBNRM projects: from impacts on local livelihoods to complex governance arrangements involving non-government organizations and research organizations. The cases provide some signs of hope among broader signs of crisis in CBNRM practice. 相似文献
6.
Measham TG 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):426-434
The way we learn about our environments—be they farms, forests, or tribal lands—has implications for the formulation of environmental
policy. This article presents the findings of how residents learned about their environments in two rural case studies conducted
in northern Queensland and relates these to the concept of “primal landscapes,” which is concerned with the interaction that
occurs between children and the environments in which they mature. Rather than focusing specifically on built environments
or natural environments, the article draws on an approach that conceptualizes environment as meaning-laden places in which we live and work, which integrate social, cultural, biological, physical, and economic dimensions. In drawing insights
for environmental policy, the article draws attention to the timing of policy interventions, the significance of experiential
environmental education, the potential to learn from place-based festivals, and the importance of learning from extreme events
such as fires and floods. 相似文献
7.
Silva Larson Thomas G. Measham Liana J. Williams 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(7):827-845
The importance of stakeholder engagement for the success of natural resources management processes is widely acknowledged, yet evaluation frameworks employed by administrators of environmental programmes continue to provide limited recognition of or insistence upon engagement processes. This paper presents a framework for monitoring and evaluation of engagement that aims to better incorporate community engagement into mainstream environmental programmes, in particular in remote regions such as arid and desert regions of the world. It is argued that successful monitoring of engagement should not only comprise a generic set of indicators but rather, in addition to the principles of good monitoring practice, should take into account a variety of the stakeholder interests as well as key regional drivers, addressing them at right geographic, institutional and time scale. 相似文献
8.
Igniting change in local government: lessons learned from a bushfire vulnerability assessment 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
B. L. Preston C. Brooke T. G. Measham T. F. Smith R. Gorddard 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(3):251-283
Local governments and communities have a critical role to play in adapting to climate variability and change. Spatial vulnerability
assessment is one tool that can facilitate engagement between researchers and local stakeholders through the visualisation
of climate vulnerability and the integration of its biophysical and socio-economic determinants. This has been demonstrated
through a case study from Sydney, Australia where a bushfire vulnerability assessment was undertaken as the first-step in
a project to investigate local government perceptions of climate vulnerability and adaptive capacity. A series of relevant
biophysical and socio-economic indicators was identified that represented the region’s exposure, sensitivity and adaptive
capacity with respect to bushfires. These indicators were then combined to develop maps of net landscape vulnerability to
bushfire. When presented in a workshop setting, vulnerability maps were successful in capturing the attention of stakeholders
while simultaneously conveying information regarding the diversity of drivers that can contribute to current and future vulnerability.
However, stakeholders were reluctant to embrace representations of vulnerability that differed from their own understanding
of hazard, necessitating the demonstration of agreement between the vulnerability assessment and more conventional hazard
assessment tools. This validation opened the door for public dissemination of vulnerability maps, the uptake and use of the
assessment in local government risk assessment and adaptation planning, and more focused case-studies on barriers to adaptation. 相似文献
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